چکیده:
In principle, one of the ways to better understand a historical phenomenon is to examine the contexts and factors of its formation. Therefore, fascism, as a historical phenomenon that led to the formation of governments in several countries, including Germany and Italy, is not exempt from this rule. The countries where fascist regimes came to power had specific, yet historically, politically, socially, economically, and psychologically similar conditions before the dominance of fascism. This is especially true for the two countries, Germany and Italy. The present article, which seeks to examine these conditions, operates on the assumption that similar political, historical, economic, social, and psychological conditions in Germany and Italy after World War I were effective in the formation of fascism in these countries. At the beginning of this hypothesis, it might seem incorrect to argue that Germany was on the losing side and Italy was on the winning side of the war; however, a careful examination of Italy's history after the war shows that this country showed no signs of being a victorious nation, and this caused intense dissatisfaction among the people, especially regarding the achievements of the Treaty of Versailles. In this regard, there was a common feeling among the people of the two countries, which was that feeling of dissatisfaction and frustration with the outcome of the war, which was intensified by economic and social crises, and ultimately drove them toward fascism with the mindset that fascism could save them from these crises.
خلاصه ماشینی:
The countries where fascist regimes came to power possessed specific but historically, politically, socially, economically, and psychologically similar conditions before the dominance of fascism.
The present article aims to examine these conditions under the assumption that similar political, historical, economic, social, and psychological conditions in Germany and Italy after World War I were effective in the formation of fascism in these countries.
Since these newly grown liberal traditions contributed to the growth of socialism and labor parties, and this issue—for reasons that will later be mentioned in the socio-economic backgrounds of fascism—provided grounds for the dissatisfaction of the ruling classes, including the big bourgeoisie, the landed aristocracy, and even the middle classes, this matter contributed to the tendency of the social classes in these two countries toward past autocratic traditions in their new forms, namely Nazism and Fascism, for the suppression of socialism and the activities of labor parties and syndicates.
First, the dissatisfaction of the people of Italy and Germany with the outcome of the war, and second, the policy of the ruling class of these two countries against fascist parties and groups; this dissatisfaction with the results of the war manifested in two forms: 1.
The second political factor that provided the ground for the emergence of fascism was the policy of the ruling class of Italy and Germany, namely the bourgeoisie or big capitalism, against the post-war crises.
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