چکیده:
From the very beginning of the expansion of Islam, educational activities, including teaching calligraphy and writing, took place in mosques, and the timing for engaging in them was such that it did not cause disruptions in performing acts of worship. However, the expansion of diverse educational and religious activities led to the formation of madrasahs for teaching religious sciences and other related sciences. In Iran, madrasahs were mainly built in two ways: either as part of mosques, where the functions of mosque and school were integrated into a single building, or as independent units for the education and residence of students. The peak period of attention to the construction of mosque-madrasahs should be considered the Qajar era, during which the highest number of these types of buildings were constructed in Tehran, the capital of that time. The Philosoph-od-Dowleh Mosque-Madrasah, which simultaneously possesses the primary functions of a mosque and a school, belongs to this period. This building was constructed as part of the Seyyed Esmail complex in the heart of the Chalamidan neighborhood.
خلاصه ماشینی:
The structure of this madrasah includes minarets, an entrance iwan, a hashti (eight-sided vestibule), two main courtyards and a tomb, a number of cells (hujra), northern and southern iwans, a prayer hall (shabestan), an ablution area, a teachers' room, the tomb rooms of Philosuf-al-Dowleh and his daughter, and a library.
The surface of all iwans is constructed 40 centimeters higher than the courtyard level, and their covering is of the formal pattern type with geometric motifs composed of brick and tile, and the entire spandrel behind the sides of their entrance arches has also been decorated with geometric motifs through tilework.
The southern facade of the courtyard consists of three niches with a width of 1/03 meters and a height of 3 meters with pointed arches in rectangular frames, where the entire spandrel behind all of them is covered with geometric decorations via tilework.
The background of the simple brick walls of each of the northeastern, southeastern, northwestern, and southwestern sides of the aforementioned space is decorated by a niche with a pointed arch with a width of 86 centimeters and a height of 2/08 meters (Images 61 and 71).
The ceiling of the aforementioned space is covered with vaults, and three niches located on the northern side, with a width of 1/52 meters, a depth of 02 centimeters, and a height of 1/02 meters and crescent arches, break the uniformity of its simple brick walls.
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