چکیده:
Various and sometimes contradictory views have been expressed regarding the beliefs and convictions of the Achaemenids, especially their kings, including Cyrus the Great. Most researchers also cite Herodotus. Regarding the cult and rituals of the Achaemenids, he stated: 'It is not their custom to build altars and temples, and they consider belief in such things to be a result of ignorance and folly. Unlike the Greeks, they do not believe that the gods are of the same nature and essence as humans. In their ritual, Zeus (Ahura Mazda) is the symbol of the azure dome of the sky and the wise lord. Their custom is to go to the highest mountain peaks, pray to God, and offer sacrifices. The sun, moon, earth, fire, water, winds, and other divine beings—and these are the only gods—have been worshipped by Iranians since the beginning without physical forms, and sacrifices are made to them' (Seifullah Kambakhsh Fard, 0831:881). In any case, according to Herodotus, the Iranians of the Achaemenid period did not have idols, places of worship, or altars. To research their beliefs as well as Achaemenid places of worship, the most available sources were used in this article, and all researchers' opinions have been mentioned. Regarding the religious works of the Achaemenids, inscriptions, fire altars, square temples and fire temples, sacred sites or barzomdans, and Achaemenid tombs, which were generally located in sacred precincts, have been referred to. After examining the places of worship of this period, it is concluded that in terms of form and plan, they influenced the temples of the Parthian and Sassanid periods, and the square-shaped four-column space and its entrance iwan can be observed in the Islamic period and in the buildings of the early centuries of Iran and neighboring countries.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Investigating the Impact of Achaemenid Rituals on Their Inscriptions and Religious Works Dr. Mitra Azad* Dr. Mohammad Reza Jafarpour** Dr. Mahmoud Tavousi*** Abstract Various and sometimes contradictory opinions have been expressed regarding the beliefs and convictions of the Achaemenids, especially their kings, including Cyrus the Great.
Table 1- Achaemenid Kings and Their Reign Periods (Refer to the page image) Important Capitals and Cities in the Achaemenid Period During the rule of the Medes, the Achaemenids, or more accurately the Persians, had local rule in regions of southern and southwestern Iran, where at one time they paid taxes to the powerful Assyrian state, and after the Medes came to power, they were under the supervision of the central Median power.
Given that Hamadan (Ecbatana), Anshan, Babylon, and Shush were also among the Achaemenid capitals, two important capitals, Pasargadae and Persepolis, were also located in the heart of the Achaemenid motherland, which are mentioned in the table summarizing Achaemenid history and capitals (the valuable book "Capitals of Iran" written by Mohammad Yousef Kiani is a valuable source regarding the Achaemenid capitals, their characteristics, and researchers' opinions about them).
According to Widengren, although Mithra is not mentioned in the stone inscriptions of the first Achaemenid kings, Mithra in Pars has enjoyed significant worship since the beginning of the reign of Darius the Great.
The inscriptions of Cyrus the Great were obtained from the stones remaining from his magnificent capital, namely Pasargadae, which have faded over time and, according to foreign researchers, have no reference to his religious beliefs.
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