چکیده:
The focus of this article is a detailed examination of an Ottoman document currently held in the Topkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul. This document concerns the developments of the first two years of the reign of Tahmasp I, during which latent disputes and enmities among the Qizilbash elites became public. In the initial stage of this period of internal chaos, a faction of the Qizilbash, led by Kapak Sultan, was challenged by the actions of Div Sultân—the true holder of executive power at court—and his allies, who aimed to reduce the influence and importance of Iran's largest tribal unit in the early Safavid era, namely the Ustajlu. Consequently, war became inevitable. Div Sultân, in addition to the Rumlu and Shah Tahmasp (who was no more than a pawn in his hands), was able to garner the support of two large tribal unions, the Tekelu and the Shamlu, while Kapak Sultan was forced to rely on the support of allies from his own tribe. Although Div Sultân managed to emerge unscathed from four consecutive bouts of war in Azerbaijan and Gilan, his dominance was short-lived, as he was killed by his Tekelu rivals who had received a death sentence for him from the Shah. The document studied in this article contains portions of the confessions of one of the witnesses during the early stages of the conflict; an individual named Sayyid Mohammad bin Nasir Kamuna, who, after fighting alongside Kapak Sultan against Div Sultân, was forced to seek refuge in Ottoman territory. After being arrested by Khosrow Pasha, the governor of Diyarbakir and the leader and founder of the Ottoman intelligence organization on the Iranian borders, he reported his account of the events that occurred in the Shah's realm. In addition to the Tadhkirah attributed to Shah Tahmasp, which attempts to provide a fully calculated narrative of the conflict by one of the attendees, this document is, as far as we know, the second direct source of information regarding the identity and positions of the Qizilbash emirs who were present on the battlefield.
خلاصه ماشینی:
At the time of Shah Tahmasp's accession in the month of Sha'ban 930 / May 1524, real power was in the hands of two powerful Qizilbash leaders, both of whom held the position of Amir al-Umara (1) ; namely, Div Sultan Rumlu and Kapak Sultan Ostaglu.
Kapak Sultan, (1) his brother Chiyan Sultan, who is the Beg of Maragheh, Hamza, the brother of Kapak Sultan, who is the Beg of Maghan, Demir Beg, who is the Beg of Bergashad, Dilu Mantash, who is the Beg of Akhlat, Husayn Beg, who is the Beg of Qarabağ, Khamis Beg, who is the Beg of Qazvin, Qalich Beg, son of Khan Muhammad Ostajlu, who is the Amir of Tehran of Rey, Ahmad Sultan, who is the Beg of Shahriar of Varamin, Demir Beg, who is the Beg of Saveh, Qazi Jahan, who was the former vizier of the Shah and the former Qurchi-bashi Beg of the Shah, Qara Bahadur, who is the Beg of Gilan, Mir Qabad, who is the Beg of Langarkhan, Muhammad Mirza, son of Bayram Beg, who is the Beg of Qizil Aghaj, Sardar Beg, who is the Beg of Ganja and Barda, and Kird Beg, who is the Beg of Arjish, have all risen in rebellion against the misguided Shah.
When the city was reclaimed from the Uzbeks in that same year, Zayn al-Din Shamlu was appointed by Shah Ismail to the government of Herat, who, after the region was lost again in late 1515 or early 1516/921 AH, gave way to Tahmasp and his Laleh, Amir Khan Musallu.
He participated in the Battle of Jam. In 937 AH/1531 AD, he killed Chuha Sultan Taklu and shortly thereafter, along with Abdullah Khan Istajlu, was appointed to the position of Amir al-Umara and Vakil.
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