Methods of detecting forgery in the modern era مقاله

خلاصه ماشینی:

The emergence of writing and its types Writing consists of the embodiment of imagination and thought in the form of patterns, designs, signs, and letters, and placing them in time and space for the understanding of others. The stages that writing has traversed so far are: 1- The pattern and design stage 2- The signs and diagrams stage 3- The phonetic and melodic stage 4- The alphabetic or articulatory stage The pattern and design stage From the moment humans became self-aware and interacted with others, they attempted to convey their perceptions and imaginations through specific images and shapes, using this embodiment of thoughts as a means of communication and understanding, such as the hieroglyphic script of the Egyptians. The art of painting letters through images and signs that represent the pronunciation of the human voice was obtained by referring to the writings of the Hebrews and the nations of the West from the Egyptians; later, the script entered Chaldea, and from Chaldea to the Hebrews, and from the Hebrews via the Phoenicians, this great factor of civilization was spread to all Arabic countries and all Mediterranean coasts. Therefore, considering these points, the writings and scripts of individuals consist of a combination of countless habits and serve as an identifier for each person. This is because every writer, when preparing a manuscript to match a document, considers certain points acquired through practice; in terms of beauty, the writer selects characteristics and styles in their writings that another writer may lack.