چکیده:
Research into the nature and essence of natural laws is a fundamental and central investigation in the philosophy of science, the importance of which penetrates the boundaries of epistemology and metaphysics. One of the fascinating and secondary topics of this research is the discussion of 'lawless laws'. In this article, by presenting two important perspectives on the nature of natural laws, how they deal with the problem of lawless laws, their reports, and their inadequacies are examined.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Keywords: laws of nature, uninstantiated laws, regularity theory, necessity theory, counterfactual conditionals, universals, potential and actual laws.
We have no reason to say that if an instance of a general and specific type is never instantiated at any time, the existence of that object is physically impossible.
Moulinier defines the simple theory of regularity as follows: (9) P is a proposition referring to a law of nature if and only if: P(i), is governed by a universal quantifier.
For example, regarding functional laws, which were mentioned before, it can be said that the universal 0P can exist, even if it is instantiability-free, and the universal 0Q can also exist, even if it has no instance, and then 0P and 0Q can be connected to each other through a higher-order relation.
Thus, instantiability-free laws can be considered permissible, but only as logically secondary cases of laws, because the assumption was that laws of connection exist among actually instantiated universals.
But what can the regularity theory say about Tolly's cases, where specific instantiability-free laws exist and yet their content remains unknown to us?
Physical possibilities that have not been realized are actually the potential instances of universals, and this is why we are not inclined to declare their existence in nature as impossible.
Therefore, solving the problem of instantiability-free laws through counterfactual conditionals is exclusive to this category of laws and does not extend to laws established between universals that are logically possible in nature.
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