چکیده:
The Qajar era, due to the conflict between two important social spheres—namely the indigenous structure and discourse versus the imitative and non-indigenous structure and discourse in the social, political, and cultural arenas—is worthy of analysis and pathology. This space provided an opportunity for progressive politicians to not only change the mystical thoughts of society but also the literature and discourse of the elite. In this context, religious sites, due to their sanctity and theoretical and practical responsibilities, played an important role in informing and making members of society aware of emerging social and political threats and opportunities, and during this period, they alerted various classes of society to their social and political duties and responsibilities. By creating national unity and cohesion, organizing movements and currents, drawing attention to national and transnational issues, creating a discourse of interaction and convergence, providing guidance, and assessing the legitimacy and popularity of policies and politicians with an approach of resistance and resilience against the attacks and tricks of foreign politicians and political maneuvers, they stood against them. By identifying the political and social functions of religious sites in the Qajar era, in addition to discovering the various functions of religious sites in different historical periods, this research can be considered a model for the functional analysis and pathology of religious sites in the present era, which is regarded as the golden age of Shia history. A function in which the protection of religious and national identity and foundations will play an important role in strengthening the discourse of national resistance and resilience in facing the intellectual and political attacks of foreigners as one of the first and most important components.
خلاصه ماشینی:
The most important social transformations of this period can perhaps be listed as follows: the beginning of the wars between Iran and Russia, the end of the wars between Iran and the Ottoman Empire, the conclusion of political and economic treaties between Iran and some European states such as England and France, the occupation of the Russian embassy and the killing of the Russian ambassador and six members of the embassy in Tehran, the uprising of Agha Khan Mahallati, the leader of the Ismailis, against the central government, the emergence of Sayyid Ali Muhammad Bab and its religious and political consequences, the granting of the concession to establish the Imperial Bank and loans to the English and Russian governments, the granting of the tobacco concession to an English company, the establishment of foreign schools in multiple cities, the extensive presence of religious missionaries in Iranian cities, sending students to Europe, hiring foreign advisors in Iran's economic and cultural affairs, the establishment of Dar al-Funun, the Constitutional Decree, the establishment of the National Consultative Assembly, the emergence of reformist ideas influenced by transnational political and social currents such as Freemasonry lodges in Cairo and Paris, political and social transformations in the Ottoman Empire and Tsarist Russia, the influence of embassies on Iran's internal transformations, the Sufi inclinations of some Qajar sultans and statesmen, etc.
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