چکیده:
Hercules, Rostam, and Esfandiar are three heroes of Greek and Iranian mythology. The common feature of all three is the performance of difficult missions. Hercules must perform exhausting tasks to achieve immortality. Rostam, to save the elderly king, and Esfandiar, to liberate his sisters, must pass through seven labors. In this article, we have adapted these three journeys to the pattern of the individuation process. According to Jung, archetypes are the contents of the human collective unconscious and are present in various stages of the individuation process. Myths and stories are also manifestations of the underlying and collective layers of the human mind; therefore, the projection of many elements of individuation can be sought in stories and myths in the form of giants, dragons, caves, etc. The differences and similarities of the three missions, in addition to indicating the cultural diversity of the context of myths and stories, reflect an internal struggle and a single preoccupation that arises from the demand for perfection and achieving wholeness. In the present article, while adapting Jung's view with the mythological structures of the three missions, the transition from myth to story is also examined by investigating the antiquity of symbols and ideals in the three stories.
خلاصه ماشینی:
On the other hand, some structures that fall under a single mission for one hero are considered an independent labor for another hero; for example, the confrontation with the giant and the demon, which in Hercules' story is related to the mission of bringing the red cattle and the fierce Poseidon, is considered an independent labor in Rostam's journey.
The difficult tasks he must perform include: bringing the skin of the Nemean lion 1, killing the Hydra 2 (the swamp monster), bringing the Ceryneian hind with golden horns 3, catching the Erymanthian boar 4, cleaning the Augean stables 5, driving away the Stymphalian birds 6, bringing the cattle of Poseidon 7, bringing the horses of King Diomedes 8, bringing the girdle of Hippolyta 9, bringing the red cattle of Geryon 10, bringing the golden apples of the Hesperides 11, bringing Cerberus 12, the fearsome three-headed dog.
In the seven labors of Rostam and Esfandiar, heroic characteristics are prominent, but in the missions of Hercules, mythological aspects are stronger.
In the story of Rostam and Esfandiar, as mentioned, Olvad and Gorgan, the defeated enemies of the heroes, are considered the positive and negative aspects of the shadow in the hero's evolution; however, Zal with his white hair, which is a sign of wisdom and experience, and Pishوتن, who is a symbol of wisdom in the Shahnameh, are reminiscent of the wise old man archetype.
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