چکیده:
Kant’s Copernicusian revolution is a well-known topic in history of epistemology, though its implications and impacts are not well discussed enough. No need to mention that analysis of knowledge was Kant’s first philosophical self-commitment. Aspiring of Copernicus’s revolution in astronomy, he changed the centrality of subject/object in his epistemological approach and maintained that mind (cognitive faculties) must be departure of metaphysical analysis; that was a revolutionary idea. Doing so, he, as it is well-known, divided all judgments from two different aspects: first, analytic/synthetic; and second, apriori/aposteriori. He, then, argued that there are apriori synthetic judgments – by which the possibility of knowledge is warranted – are universal and necessary. These judgments not only refer to external world, but also belong equally to physics, mathematics, and metaphysics. He believed that his doctrine could (dis)solve the old long-standing epistemological problem in modern philosophy such as the debates on source of knowledge (reason/experience), dogmatism/skepticism, etc., among rationalists and empiricists. Although his ideas, specially stressing on apriori concepts as a key, help him to (dis)solve some epistemological puzzles, either reveal a few new problems in newly changed epistemological scope.
خلاصه ماشینی:
To solve the long-standing problems of rationalism on one hand, and the problems of empiricism on the other, and in order to explain the possibility of knowledge in the fields of pure mathematics, pure physics, and metaphysics, he proposes new propositions under the title of synthetic a priori propositions so that they are both indicative of the external world and possess universality and necessity.
The consequence of Hume's disastrous skepticism was not only the failure of reason in the realm of metaphysics, but it could also be extended to the fields of pure mathematics and natural sciences; however, Kant had no doubt about the possibility of synthetic a priori propositions in the field of pure mathematics.
Kant, who was seeking liberation from skepticism, by proposing the concept of the synthetic a priori, restored necessity and universality to sensation and understanding, and objectivity to judgments.
Through transcendental philosophy, he restores necessity and universality to judgments and distinguishes his path from Hume by moving beyond sensory experience and relying on a priori categories, imposing categories upon the data of experience, and thus initiating cognition.
The understanding passes the sensory perceptions, which were cast into the forms of space and time, through the categories, preparing our knowledge to reach the level of judgment, and in this way, cognition is achieved.
With his reasoning, Kant disrupted the foundation of dogmatic metaphysics and considered human identification to be valid only within the limits of sensation and understanding, meaning exclusively within the realm of possible testing and the boundaries of nature.
(
, 
, 
)
