چکیده:
In this writing, first, Kant's moral thought prior to the critical period is discussed. Then, the book 'Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals' is analyzed, and finally, topics such as the difference between theoretical reason and practical reason, the good will, duty and inclination, duty and law, and ultimately the relationship between moral law and the will are examined. Attention to morality and its origin and philosophy has always been a matter of interest for philosophers and other thinkers. In this regard, various theories have been expressed, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the theories of German philosophers such as Immanuel Kant. Kant's position in the formation of Western modernity is not unknown to scholars and thinkers. His influence in each of the theoretical dimensions of modern thought, including moral and political philosophy, philosophy of education, philosophy of art, philosophy of religion, enlightenment, and the like, cannot be ignored. Kant's moral philosophy should not only be studied as a part of his general philosophy but also, to understand his theoretical philosophy and grasp its original dimensions, attention must inevitably be paid to his moral philosophy, not as a branch but as a principle. In this sense, Kant's moral philosophy is a means for deeper contemplation and precision in his theoretical philosophy. Kant is a great philosopher, and the greatness of his discourse on morality does not lie in having expressed a collection of advice and counsels in beautiful literary forms across different literatures; rather, his greatness and originality lie in the reflection he has applied regarding the conditions of the possibility of moral action in humans in general—a reflection that critiques our mental preconceptions and reminds us of the insufficiency of everyday intuitions. Kant's greatness, both in theoretical philosophy and in moral philosophy, lies in the greatness of the essence of his thinking.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Kant is a great philosopher, and the greatness of his discourse on ethics does not lie in having expressed a collection of advice and exhortations in beautiful literary forms across the literatures of different nations; rather, his greatness and originality lie in the reflection he has applied regarding the conditions of the possibility of moral action in humans in general—a reflection that subjects our mental preconceptions to criticism and review and reminds us of the insufficiency of everyday habits.
In his early years, Kant believed that human nature is corrupt and that morality should be in opposition to nature; however, later, following the thoughts of English philosophers such as Shaftesbury8 (1715-1761), he believed that moral life could rely on harmony between specific inclinations and the tendency toward the common good, and consequently, virtue is not necessarily painful, or from "Hutchinson"9 (1694-1754) that morality can have universality and become public and global, and is not an exceptional matter based on hero-making10.
In Kant's philosophy, the distance between nature and moral value is such that practical reason operates in a direction opposite to nature, and on the other hand, it is not necessarily dependent on science and knowledge, but rather its prominent characteristic is its self-foundation.
In this same book, Critique of Practical Reason, Kant says: "Montaigne bases ethics on education, Epicurus on human physical sensation, Mandeville on fundamental political laws, and Hutcheson on moral sentiments and emotions, all of whom are ultimately unable to provide a general principle of ethics.
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