چکیده:
An investigation into the origin of the concept in Kant's philosophy. Given the critique of knowledge in Kant, the origin of the concept of God in his philosophy differs significantly from predecessors because, in Kant's thought, the origin of the concept of God is no longer reason (theoretical reason), since the concept of God is among the categories that cannot be proven by theoretical reason. Therefore, it is in the Critique of Practical Reason that Kant proposes and proves the concept of God as a guarantor of morality. Examining the position of the concept of God in the Critique of Practical Reason in Kant's philosophy: in the Critique of Practical Reason, where Kant presents and in a sense proves the concept of God, it is not the case that it precedes all pure categories of practical reason. Rather, the concept of God and religion are preceded by morality. An examination and explanation of the concept of God and consequently religion and religiosity in Kant's philosophy. Given the type of approach Kant has toward the concept of God and the method of its proof, the concept of religion and religiosity in his philosophy is fundamentally different from conventional and common views. It can perhaps be said with certainty that the most important and primary subject of metaphysics is God and consequently religion, which throughout history has been the focus of attention and philosophizing by philosophers and thinkers. In Greek and Medieval philosophy, philosophical thought began with God and led to discussions regarding nature and man. This trend continued through the Renaissance and the modern period until Kant, as even Descartes' philosophy, because it started from God and then proceeded to think about man, remained confined within this framework in a sense. In the Age of Enlightenment, and especially in Kant's philosophy, this matter is transformed; Kant starts with man and then proceeds to think about God as one of the concepts of human reason. In fact, from the 18th century onwards, with the Critique of Pure Reason as well as Practical Reason in Kant's philosophy, the concept of God and consequently religion and religiosity undergo a fundamental transformation, and this shapes the modern approach to the concept of God and its functions, such that thinkers like Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, etc., are clearly influenced by Kant's ideas in this regard. In this writing, the following objectives are pursued:
خلاصه ماشینی:
In this regard, in the book 'Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone,' he has only written: "In theoretical concepts regarding God and His existence, it is rare to avoid anthropomorphism; however, regarding our practical relation to the will of God and even for morality—[these theoretical concepts] (insofar as they do not disturb the concepts of duty)—seem dangerously inexpressible, because here we create a God for ourselves so that we can use Him in the best possible way for our own benefit, to prove to ourselves from within the need for continuous work and constant effort to strengthen our moral nature.
That is, an end must be considered, not as a reason and ground, but as the necessary consequences of the moral rules that Kant proposes, which is 'the same meaning (idea) of an external object that is the formal condition and harmonious with all the unconditional ends that we must have (happiness in accordance with the observance of duty), and that is the meaning (idea) of the highest good in the world, for whose possibility we must assume a sublime, holy, and powerful transcendent being, and this is the only being that can encompass both these elements [namely, the formal condition as well as the teleological and harmony with conditional ends].
In this way, in accordance and harmony with the results obtained from the critical philosophy of pure reason and practical reason, Kant proceeds to explain the origin and position of the concept of God, and based on it and in harmony with his entire philosophical system, he reproduces the concepts of faith, religion, and religiosity and provides a new definition of them.
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