چکیده:
Undoubtedly, one of the most important philosophical systems of the Western world, which could perhaps be called a turning point in the evolution of Western thought, is the philosophical system of the famous German philosopher, Immanuel Kant. In the first part of the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant analyzes the three human faculties: sensation, understanding, and reason. In the 'Transcendental Dialectic,' which some believe to be the most important part of the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant explains and clarifies reason, intellectual representations, and their connection and relationship with sensation and understanding. According to Kant, reason has two distinct applications: the logical application and the pure (transcendental) application. Reason possesses principles through which it provides unity to the rules of understanding. These principles are synthetic a priori general knowledges derived from the pure concepts of reason; with the help of its principles, reason unifies the judgments of understanding. Kant calls reason the 'faculty of inference' in terms of its logical function. According to Kant, the faculty of reason also has another function based on which reason has a fundamental principle that is transcendental. This fundamental principle consists of the assumption that the chain of logical premises that reason had reached in its logical application truly has an ultimate unconditional limit. According to Kant, in its regressive course seeking the absolute and the unconditional, reason reaches concepts that have no recurrence in experience. Kant calls these 'pure concepts of reason.' These concepts have a positive function, which is 'systematization,' and a negative function, which is 'stabilization'; throughout this article, these two functions are explained.
خلاصه ماشینی:
The principles through which reason unifies the rules of understanding are, according to Kant, universal a priori knowledges that originate from the pure concepts of reason, and therefore, the aforementioned principles pertain to the nature and essence of reason.
In fact, according to Kant, the principle specific to reason as a whole, and also in its logical application, is that for the conditional knowledge obtained from understanding, an unconditional thing should be found, by which the unity of this knowledge becomes complete.
Pure application of reason: According to Kant, further investigation and examination of the logical function of reason leads us to the conclusion that reason possesses principles that are intramental laws and are not applied to external subjects and objects; rather, they pertain to the activities of the understanding.
" In the Dialectic section of the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant also says: To bestow unity upon the plurality of the understanding, reason resorts to a transcendental and fundamental principle, and based on this, the increasing and incessant thirst of reason to find a universal major premise through the formation of successive syllogisms subsides, and as a result, reason reaches three final ideas.
Perhaps Kant's intention regarding the systematizing of the conceptions of reason, which he has expressed in the Transcendental Dialectic appendix with various, different, ambiguous, and complex phrases, can be better understood in the following form: "In harmony and conformity with these ideas as principles, we must first, in psychology, connect all the phenomena of our own mind in such a way as if the mind were a simple substance.
(
, 
, 
)
