چکیده:
The present writing is dedicated to introducing the phenomenon of 'presupposition' and classifying its types. This linguistic feature has always attracted the attention of linguists, but it has not remained solely within the scope of linguists' research; with the expansion of first-order predicate logic and the introduction of second-order predicate logic by logicians, it has become one of the issues that has occupied logicians as well as linguists. In this brief effort, after introducing 'presupposition', an attempt will be made to discuss and examine this phenomenon from both linguistic and logical perspectives and to review its nature.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Interestingly, exactly opposite to the case of the correspondence of sentence (8) b with table (10), here the aforementioned sentence does not correspond with the second row of table (12) in terms of truth value; that is, when Soraya cannot perform that musical piece at the age of three and sentence a is false, there is no reason to consider her being a genius as true.
Therefore, when examining examples like (8), we face a major problem, which is that according to the definition we obtain for the "semantic entailment" relationship, sentences like (8) do not fit into this framework; however, the truth value determination table for semantic entailment is valid for them.
To answer this question, no more than two ways seem apparent: First, that we consider all the presuppositions in example (37) to be valid and, based on the definition we proposed at the beginning of this writing for such a relationship, claim that because we have accessed other information based on the existing information within the sentence "Houshang scratched his head", information such as "Houshang has a head" etc.
Let us review the criteria we have proposed so far once more and see whether semanticists and logicians have introduced conditions under which we can, for example, consider "Houshang has a sister" as a type of presupposition for sentence (41), and consider "Houshang has a head" for (42) as something else or not.
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