چکیده:
Cosmology and the discussion of the beginning and end of the universe is a common topic among the three domains of human knowledge, namely science, religion, and philosophy, which has been of interest to experts in these three fields since ancient times, although until before the Renaissance and even until the early twentieth century, physical cosmology held a lower position compared to religious and philosophical cosmologies. In this article, the fundamental principles and the most important models of modern scientific cosmology are presented, and following that, scientific flaws and inadequacies, as well as, where necessary, their philosophical foundations and problems, are discussed and examined.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Keywords: Cosmology, general relativity, quantum mechanics, space and time, Big Bang, singularity, steady state theory, oscillating universe, inflationary universe, quantum vacuum fluctuation, quantum gravity, creation ex nihilo.
Before examining cosmological models and how they explain the above phenomena, it is necessary to have a brief overview of the theories of special and general relativity and the concepts of space and time in modern physics.
However, the second model, which is accepted by most physicists today, is the Big Bang theory, according to which at the beginning, the dimensions of the universe were zero and the density and curvature of space-time were infinite.
(17) The Big Bang Model If we reverse the direction of the expansion of the universe, we reach the point of zero time, where the density and space-time curvature were infinite and the temperature was very high.
(23) While accepting the expanding universe, the Steady-State Theory does not consider it to be caused by the Big Bang or starting from a singularity; rather, it believes that all parameters, including the Hubble constant, have been the same throughout all times in the universe.
The weak formulation of the anthropic principle became the basis for Alan Guth in 1981 to propose a model known as the inflationary universe to solve the problems of the conventional Big Bang theory.
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