چکیده:
In this article, an attempt has been made to explain the meaning of 'skepticism'(2) in contemporary epistemology and to reveal the components and elements of the concept of knowledge. Skepticism denies the possibility of knowledge in all or some possible domains. In this article, after introducing the various types and kinds of skepticism, the most significant arguments of skeptics to prove the impossibility of knowledge are mentioned and these arguments have been criticized and reviewed; the famous argument of modern skeptics, the brain in a vat,(3), is clearly stated and, alongside the argument from error and the argument from experience, has been subjected to criticism. The article concludes that: 'A skeptic who tries to prove skepticism through reasoning is like a mute who shouts, I am mute.'
خلاصه ماشینی:
Although we will see in the future that other forms of skepticism also have no choice but to resort to reasoning, evidence, and indications to justify their own skepticism, and we will also see that, for example, a skeptic who attempts to prove through reasoning that: knowledge is not possible in all or some domains, is like "a mute person who cries out: 'O people, I am mute'" We will see that such a person cannot reason; rather, in fact, he cannot "judge," and the best implication of such skepticism is "suspension of judgment" and adopting a long silence in both mind and language.
For example, based on the second presupposition, if someone asks us: 'You claim to have a sensation of pain and are aware of this sensation of pain, how do you know that you are feeling pain?' We cannot answer, 'Because we feel pain,' because this is the exact repetition of the claimant's position, whereas regarding the direct knowledge (ilm al-huduri) of a person of their own internal states, such an answer is justified, and we have no other way to prove such a claim.
However, it seems that many local skeptics have considered three specific domains to be unknowable (un-knowable): 1- The domain of ethics 2- The domain of religion 3- The domain of the future (future events) Therefore, regarding something that is currently before us, we can claim knowledge; but regarding matters that pertain to the future (such as that I will eat eggs for breakfast tomorrow), or regarding what pertains to moral judgments about the voluntary actions of humans (such as that a certain moral act is kind and good), or regarding religious categories such as God, the afterlife, etc.
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