چکیده:
The present article is a translation of the last section of the second chapter of the book 'Criminology: Past, Present and Future' titled 'Criminology and Victimology', written by the famous Canadian criminologist named 'Ezzat Abdelfattah', and was published for the first time in 1997 in the United States of America by S.T. Martin Press Inc. and in Great Britain through Macmillan Press LTD. The translation consists of two parts: in the first part, the generalities of criminology (definition, position, subject, the normative or non-normative nature of criminology, types of criminology: theoretical and applied criminology, old and new criminology and their comparison, and criminology and criminal policy) are studied; and in the second part, which relates to victimology, a brief history of victimology, the subject of victimology, micro and macro victimology, and theoretical and applied victimology are discussed.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Mr. Rock (3) has addressed this point well and notes: "Even criminology and the sociology of deviance—sciences that rely mainly on the analysis of crime, offenders, and criminal justice—tended in some way to ignore the victim for a long time and, looking at the past, [we see] they failed to pay attention to what has probably always been a certain and obvious matter.
" In the fourth part of his [own] book, under the controversial title "Victim Cooperation in the Development of Crime," he criticized the dry and static one-dimensional study of the offender that dominated criminology and suggested that it should be replaced by a new dynamic and two-dimensional theory that has an equal perspective toward both the offender and the victim.
(Interactionist perspective and labeling theory) Places less emphasis on the importance of the deviant individual as a subject of study; instead, it examines society itself and the individual's position in society; it emphasizes the role of society in creating and maintaining deviance and deviants; instead of asking old questions such as "Why do some people become criminals?", it poses this question criticized and defended radical, Marxist criminology (1) .
" (3) A similar definition that emphasizes both the theoretical and applied nature of criminology is the one provided by Johnson (4) , according to which: Criminology is the scientific study and practical application of findings in the following areas: a) Causes of crime and criminal behavior and etiology; b) The nature of social reaction, which indicates the characteristics of society; c) Crime prevention.
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