چکیده:
ﺑﺎ آﻏﺎز رﯾﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻤﻬﻮری ﺑﺎراک اوﺑﺎﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﺘﻞﻫﺎی ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﯾﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه روﻧﺪ ﺻـﻌﻮدی ﺑـﻪ ﺧﻮد ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺿﺪ ﺗﺮورﯾﺴﻢ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮر ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪ. اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺑﺎزﯾﮕﺮان ﻏﯿﺮ دوﻟﺘـﯽ و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻫﺎی ﻓﺮاﻣﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﺮای اﻣﻨﯿـﺖ ﻣﻠـﯽ اﯾـﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤـﺪه ﺗﻐﯿﯿـﺮ ﺗـﺎﮐﺘﯿﮑﯽ در ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺿﺪ ﺗﺮورﯾﺴﻢ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ از ﺣﻤﻼت ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤـﻼت ﻣﺤـﺪود و ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨـﺪ را ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺷـﺪ. درﮐﻨﺎر دﺳﺘﺎوردﻫﺎی ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽوﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻗﺘﻞﻫﺎی ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨـﺪ، اﻧﺘﻘـﺎدات ﺣﻘـﻮﻗﯽ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدی ﻫـﻢ ﻋﻠﯿـﻪ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ؛ ﭼﺮاﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ دﺳﺘﺎوردﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷـﺪه اﯾـﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤـﺪه ﺣﻘـﻮق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠـﻞ را ﻧﺎدﯾـﺪه ﺑﮕﯿﺮد. رﻫﯿﺎﻓﺖ واﻗﻌﮕﺮاﯾﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ اﻣﻨﯿـﺖ ﻣﻠـﯽ و ﻣﻨـﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﻠـﯽ ﺗﺒﯿـﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﯽ را ازﺳﯿﺎﺳـﺖ ﺿﺪﺗﺮورﯾﺴﻢ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ. ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﯿﺶ رو ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎی ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻗﺘﻞﻫـﺎی ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨـﺪ اﯾـﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه را در ﻋﺮﺻﻪ رواﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ.
The use of targeted killings is increased by the United States with the beginning of the presidency of Barack Obama and became a key component of the country's anti-terrorism policies. Increasing non-state actors and activities of transnational networks as the main threat to the national security of the United States has led to tactical change in America's anti-terrorism policies from broad military attacks to limited and targeted attacks. Although technological advances such as guided
weapons and advanced monitoring systems have increased the ability of America to target specific individuals while reduced unwanted losses were effective in this regard. Despite the wide political and military achievements of targeted killings، several legal objections have been raised against America because these achievements caused the United States to ignore international law. Political realism approach with emphasis on national security and national interests provides an appropriate account of America's anti-terrorism politics. This article examines the legal and political implications of the United States targeted killings in the field of international relations.