چکیده:
The Counseling System is the one of the basis on which all social and political affairs are presented and investigated through public and political consultation in the form of discussions and free conversations. In the Counseling system, it is the public wisdom and agreement that leads to the selection and determination of rulers, social and political constructs and institutions, codifying and approving of laws, binding terms and conditions and in this way, society and government are administered in democratic ways. In the Counseling system, even after determination and selection of rulers, after formulating the rules and bylaws, majority of the members of society (including rulers and subjects) participate in decision makings that are beneficial to the members’, individual and group, interests, directly and indirectly, with giving and receiving consultations. Councils and the system of Counseling as a pattern for political life possess two characteristics of Necessity and Legitimacy, and is considered a mechanism for executing duties and the right of political cooperation.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Farid Abd- al Khalegh, a Sunni authority, also, considers the Counseling system the right of all people in political coopera- tion in society, government and decision making and emphasizes on the establishments of such system.
At this stage, individuals at equal levels, participate freely in the process of Counseling and defend their priorities by reasoning, and in the end, the council will and to a type of decision making based on mutual understanding and on the rule of the majority which is called deciding on the basis of collective intellect.
He, states that "looked more carefully, if we accept that councils are ne- cessary and obligatory for the Islamic society and the Islamic governor, and when the governor wants to establish the concept of councils and Counseling in the expanse of Islam and decides to establish a very exact and extensive mechanism for it, could it be different from what we call it, Democracy, today?(Khoramshad,2006,284) Political systems at the time of occultation from the view point of Mohammad Mahdi Shamsaldin (1936- 2000) another Lebanese, Shiite thinker is based on "the governance of people over them- selves.
Abulaala Modoody (1904- 1979) Pakistani writer and authority emphasizes the councils and recognizes it as the basis for managing the affairs and the preservation the political dignity of the society and government, and believes that in a consultative system there is a basic balance be- tween the people (Private area) and the govern- ment (Public area), meaning that neither the gov- ernment posseses the absolute power, nor individ- uals enjoy limitless freedom (Alfasi,1993 ,61-62).