چکیده:
Objective: Youth smoking has long been a major concern at individual, familial, and national levels. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the role of parent-child relationship in the smoking behavior and smoking intensity among college students. We also aimed to investigate gender-specific variations in the association between mother-child and father-child relationships and smoking behavior and its intensity among female and male college students.
Methods: The sample consisted of college students (N=242: 142 smokers, 99 nonsmokers) who were selected using snowball sampling method among the students of Guilan University. Participants completed the parent-child relationship survey and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions were used for analyzing.
Results: Results showed that mother-child relationship, but not father-child relationship, was the significant predictor of smoking status. Also, mother-child relationship could predict low to moderate levels of dependence on nicotine. Finally, among male students, mother-child relationship was the significant predictor of smoking. Neither mother-child nor father-child relationships were the significant predictors of smoking status among female students.
Conclusion: Further research is needed to clear our understanding of gender-specific correlates of smoking among youth.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"We also aimed to investigate gender-specific variations in the association between mother-child and father-child relationships and smoking behavior and its intensity among female and male college students.
Research has shown that although smok- ing initiation primarily occurs during adolescence years, many young adults may also develop their smoking habits during their college years (Von Ah, Ebert, Ngam- vitroj, Park, & Kang, 2005; Everett et al.
Consistent with this claim, social-psychological theories suggest that lack of family bonding leads to spending more time with peers, rejection of conventional norms, contributing in delinquent behaviors such as smoking, and finally more positive attitudes toward smoking (Petraitis, Flay, & Miller, 1995).
Based on evidence, healthy parent-child communication and sufficient parental monitoring are protective factors against adolescence smoking (Mott, Crowe, Richardson, &, Flay, 1999; Simons-Morton et al.
In line with this theoretical framework, various stud- ies have shown the associations between youth smoking and different family factors, such as parenting style and strategies (Wang, Krishnakumar, & Narine, 2014; Piko & Balazs, 2012), warmth and the quality of the parent- child relationship (Roy, 2009; Johnston & Thomas, 2008; Shakib et al.
Studies have shown that mothers have more open and comfortable relationships with both daughters and sons (Rosnati, Iafrate, & Scabini, 2007; Ackard, Neumark- Sztainer, Story, & Perry, 2006) and spend more time with their children, especially in the early developmental stages; thus mothers who exhibit poor parenting skills affect more negatively their children compared to fathers (Ohannessian et al.
This paper addresses the gap in research by investigating how mothers and fa- thers may play different roles in the association between parent-child relationship and their children’s smoking behavior."