چکیده:
Environmental regulation has proceeded at different paces in different countries of the world. These differences are particularly pronounced between developing countries, and have given rise to much controversy and debate on the influence of corruption on environmental policies in an open economy (see, e.g., López and Mitra 2000; Fredriksson et al. 2004; Barbier et al. 2005).1 The causes and effects of corruption have been discussed extensively in the literature (see, e.g., the surveys by Bardhan 1997; Jain 2001; Aidt 2003). We explore the joint effects of corruption level and energy efficiency (a major form of environmental policy). The paper discusses the prescription of Persian Gulf countries’ environmental regulations over 1990-2012. We find that corruption level is the most important factor in explaining the variance in the region environmental policies and higher levels of the region corruption will lead to low stringent environmental policy.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"The author argues that corruption affects environmental 1 - Fredriksson and Millimetet support their finding with econometric data at state level for the USA, using as a proxy for corruption the number of civil servants tried for crimes related to bribery as a share of the total number of public employees.
Therefore, this paper examines the relation between corruption level and environmental policy over the period from 1990 through 2012 with special reference to Persian Gulf selected countries: Bahrain, Iran, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, and Yemen.
We find that foreign direct investment and trade raise (reduce) local environmental policy stringency when the degree of government corruptibility is relatively low (high).
We assume that measure of the degree of corruptibility and environmental policy are joint products, produced by country-specific factors: per capita income (PI), foreign direct investment (FDI), trade openness (OP); that is, the ratio of imports+exports to GDP, interaction between corruption level and FDI and trade openness.
We invert the relation F()=G() to obtain the corruption level function: Corr= f (OGP, W, P, GZ, DE, IL, OP, PF, GE), which represents the relation between corruption level and its causes: Oil and Gas exportation as a share GNP (OGP), Wages level (W), Population (P), size of the government budget relative to GDP as Government Size index (GZ), the Gastil index as Democracy index (DE), Income Level (IL), the share of (exports+imports) in GDP as Trade Openness variable (OP), the amount of newspaper per person as Press Freedom index (PF), the percentage of women in the labor force and parliament as Gender variable (GE)."