چکیده:
Due to recent urban developments, the undesireable presence of pedestrians along urban expressways for access to public transportation facilities, daily trips and evading traffic is a typical trend. This problem decreases the urban life quality and health of citizens in a metropolis like Tehran. New viewpoints consider this daily travel along “expressway landscapes” as a
kind of “everyday nature”. It is important to notice that, the meaning of everyday nature and what be perceived in everyday landscape are different form a park or sites with recreation, sports goals. Review of debates over “presence of pedestrians along expressways” shows the opposing views have reduced dramatically over time. This article addresses the quality of “pedestrian connections improvements” along expressways and their related aspects of programing and design. The esearch
is based on the case study of Resalat expressway, as one of most important population core and transportation systems of Tehran. The question is can landscape architects use bridges, existing sidewalks, parallel pedestrian, green patch and other facilities to plan a “continuous pedestrian connection” where daily travel is requested? Does experiences like Tabiat bridge in Tehran or Highline in NewYork, which both are recreational places, have a role in development and improvement of such pedestrian connections as an everyday nature of cities?
The framework is based on “Forman model of landscape ecology” and “viewpoint of Kaplan about everyday nature”; through using case study/combined research strategy with synthesizing case procedure. After evidences review, phenomenon survey in the flowing steps. First is inspect and analysis of “quality-oriented approach of landscape”, “landscape ecology of Forman”, “Kaplan’s view point of everyday nature”, definitions and principles of “pedestrian and expressway design”.
Second is study of real cases and acquire essential needs for design research through the production and use of a template module of analysis which is generated from the previous step. Third is case study area Pathology and quality of related improvement identifying. This step also uses the previous step structure of template module of analysis. Final step present
the findings and Indicators to identify demands for improvement (table5) and some standard offer for this kind of design (table6), which can be generalized to similar problems in other situations (transferability). Findings associated with proponents of “pedestrian presence along expressways”, conditionally consider “pedestrian connecting” along expressways as an opportunity. It’s important to consider this kind of request for commuters as a real aspect of today cities. This phenomenon can be “ignored”, “prohibited” or “improved as an opportunity”. Last approach
have a holistic theory to balance the needs of city with new conditions to achieve higher quality of everyday urban life.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Does experiences like Tabiat bridge in Tehran or Highline in NewYork, which both are recreational places, have a role in development and improvement of such pedestrian connections as an everyday nature of cities?The framework is based on "Forman model of landscape ecology" and "viewpoint of Kaplan about everyday nature"; through using case study/combined research strategy with synthesizing case procedure.
For example and as an important fact, planning researches like comprehensive county expressways planning study of Santa Clara (Sccgov, 2008) or the activities of nonprofit national organization of Making America a Great Place to Walk (America walks, 2005) are focused on the quality of presence, safety and security which have led to real pragmatic projects (Table 2).
In the next period, Continuous pedestrian routes were considered for short trips as a transportation system, such as the Capitol expressway pedestrian and bus improvement project (Fitzwater, 2010), and last in fourth period, studies have concerned road ecology; such as increasing biodiversity in public ..............................................................................
In this case, such studies like evaluation of pedestrian crossing facilities defects in Tehran(Hassanpour, et al, 2012), the effects of urban expressways in Tehran’s urban landscape conversion (Mahmoudi, 2002), approaches and methods in urban aesthetics (Karimi Moshaver, 2013) or pedestrian planning in Tehran witha focus on social needs (Mansouri, et al, 2012) can be noted.
Based on Kaplan’s view point of everyday nature and preference matrix which suggests the quality of environment components and their organizing relationship for detailed designing, a daily short pedestrian trip along urban expressway should follow Table 1 qualities.