چکیده:
Unlike Aristotle, Lakoff considers metaphor as an integral part of the process of human
thinking and believes that humans often automatically and unconsciously learn and use a
wide range of conceptual metaphors. A large part of our scientific and philosophical
literature is full of conceptual metaphors. According to Lakoff, like other abstract
concepts, causation is made of a small literal part which is extended by various kinds of
conceptual metaphors in several directions. The current paper shows that a large part of
the metaphors introduced by Lakoff, has been used by Muslim philosophers to describe
causation. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Mulla Sadra are two of the most significant Islamic
philosophers. According to Ibn Sina, causation is based on ‘Causation is Transfer of
Possessions’ metaphor. This metaphor depicts causation as a three-component relation in
which the boundaries are very strong and sharp. According to Mulla Sadra, causation is
based on ‘Causation is Motion out’ metaphor. This metaphor makes causation to have
two components and decreases the strength of boundaries between the components of the
relation.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"These are follows: Causation is Motion out Effect is Thing Moving out Cause is Original Container For example: The chaos in Eastern Europe emerged from the end of the cold war.
The words derived from «‘- th- r» root; contain ‘Causation is a Motion in’ metaphor: "The influence of agent, in anything that is derived from it, is existence not the quiddity.
The prototype of transfer of possessions, the source domain of the metaphor, which is rooted in the daily and common application of this word, at least has 3 components: al-mu‘ṭá minh (Giver), al-‘aṭīe (What is given) and al-mu‘ṭá lah (What something is given to, receiver).
Conclusion Assuming the acceptance of the theory proposed by Lakoff, many of the conceptual metaphors introduced by him can be found in Muslim philosophers for descriptions of the causation: ‘Causation is Motion out’, ‘Causation is Transfer of Possessions’, ‘Causation is Motion in’, ‘Causing is Making’, and ‘Causes are Sources’.
Based on the metaphor, ‘Causation is Transfer of Possessions’, Ibn Sina depicts a three-component relationship for causation: giver, what is given, receiver.
The causation in Mulla Sadra’s philosophy is formed based on the ‘Causation is Motion out’ metaphor.
Since, solid things have sharp and strong boundaries with their environment, this words maintains the highest level of plurality in the ‘Causation is Motion out’ metaphor, this word is the most appropriate word to describe the rule of the unique The words derived from the roots «f-y- ḍ» and «r-sh-ḥ» conceptualize causation as moving a liquid out of its container."