چکیده:
برای کشورها فضای مرزی بهطور فزاینده ای به حفاظت و دفاع نیاز دارد. همچنین فضای مرزی بهصورت فزاینده ای مرکز ایدئولوژی و عملکرد کشورها، مکانی برای سیاست های سرمایهگذاری مهم و منابع معدنی است و دورترین منطقه حاکمیتی است. در جهان امروز که مرزها در انواع مختلف و با ویژگی های بسیار متنوعی وجود دارند، رویکردها نسبت به مدیریت مرز نیز بهصورت مشابه بسیار متنوع است. یکی از این رویکردها ایجاد دیوار مرزی است که توسط بسیاری از کشورها ازجمله جمهوری اسلامی ایران در حال پیگیری است. باید توجه نمود که دیوار مرزی یکی از راهبردهای کنترل مرز بهصورت سلبی است که ورود و خروج افراد، کالا و ... را تحت کنترل شدید قرار می دهد. باید بیان نمود که این دیوار مرزی که بهنوعی دیوار امنیتی برای کشور محسوب می گردد خود زمینهساز بروز مخاطرات محیطی است. مخاطرات محیطی خود به دو دسته بلای طبیعی (سیل، طوفان، زمینلرزه و ...) و بلایای انسانی (نابودی زیستمحیطی، گرم شدن کره زمین و ...) تقسیم می¬شوند. مقاله حاضر با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی درصدد بررسی این نوع مخاطرات ناشی از احداث دیوار مرزی در منطقه سیستان و بلوچستان است و سپس با استفاده از روش توان رتبهای به طبقه¬بندی این مخاطرات می پردازد تا مهمترین مخاطرهای که منطقه را تهدید میکند به دست آید. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد مخاطرات ناشی از احداث دیوار مرزی در منطقه در ۹ مورد مخاطرات طبیعی (نابودی گیاهان، انقراض جانوران، بین رفتن صنعت اکوتوریسم؛ افزایش فرسایش بادی منطقه) و مخاطرات انسانی (تفکیک فرهنگی- قومی دو سوی مرز؛ هدایت افراد به فضاهای ناشناخته؛ افزایش گرایش به قاچاق مواد مخدر و اسلحه؛ کاهش اعتماد به حکومت مرکزی؛ هزینه های بالای اقتصادی) تقسیم می گردند. در آخر با استفاده از روش توان رتبه ای مهمترین مخاطره ای که منطقه را تهدید می کند کاهش اعتماد به دولت مرکزی با وزن ۸۱ به دست آمد که خود میتواند زمینهساز بسیاری از مشکلات آتی برای در سطح منطقه ای و ملی باشد.
1. Introduction Nowadays، by formation of governments، control and protection of the territories of countries for establishment of low and security has had a prominent place، and governments in various ways have tried to control their boundaries and territories، which construction of the wall of China، Hardin، Gorgan wall and ... have been evidence of this claim in the past. Over time، use of boundary walls with the closeness and dependency of countries and governments to each other and the emergence of issues such as globalization and the world without boundaries، for the decades of the second half of the twentieth century the importance and place of boundary and borderline put under their radius. But the process of developments in the contemporary world has been such that after two decades the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the formation of topics such as globalization، the world without boundaries، the end of geography، and ... the reversal process have been shaped in the contemporary world. This process has been such that since 2000 almost 25 boundary walls have been created by governments in different parts of the world. Islamic Republic of Iran، in the meantime according its long boundaries and the boundary issues that have harden the country's boundary control and management، such as unbiased neighbors، lack of cooperation to control boundaries، and ... has attempted by the policy of blocking boundaries of the country through the creation of wall along the boundaries of the country، provide effective control and management of boundaries of the country in areas such as Iran-Pakistan boundary، Iran and Afghanistan، Iran and Iraq (northern Iraq). The implementation of this plan at a high level to manage and control better the boundaries has comparative advantages that are not relevant here، but the discussion that has been less attention and will discussed in this article is the challenges posed by the implementation of this plan in form of environmental hazards (natural and human) that will be dealt with less. In order to be able more precisely describe the environmental hazards resulting from boundary obstruction، is considered the case study in the Iran's boundary in Sistan and Baluchistan province.
2. Study area & Material and Methods Sistan and Baluchistan province is one of the largest provinces in the country and its area is 187502 km2، equivalent to 11.5% of the country's total area. In the North is limited to the south Khorasan province، in the south to the Oman Sea، in the east to Pakistan and Afghanistan، and in the west to the provinces of Hormozgan and Kerman. The Sistan and Baluchistan region according its geographical position is affected by numerous atmospheric flows in one hand، such as the Indian sub-continental wind and، consequently، the monsoon rains of the Indian Ocean، and on the other hand is affected by the medium-tidal pressure، which the extreme heat is the most significant climatic phenomenon of it.
The general method of this research is descriptive-analytical and library and internet resources are used to collect information. The factors are categorized according to the importance of each factor from most important to the least important. The rank of power is one of the ranking methods in which first we rank the criteria and then use the formula (n-rj + 1) 2 to rank the criteria.
3. Results and discussion
A) Library discussions
1. Natural hazards arising from the construction of the boundary wall
As the boundary wall acts as a physical barrier to entry of unauthorized persons into the country. It should be acknowledged that the obstacles created by mankind، in addition to the positive qualities، have negative aspects. For example، the boundary wall of Sistan and Baluchistan، while preventing unauthorized traffic، also has some environmental risks which will damage the natural ecosystem (plant and animal) of the region and in long run lead to naturally problems. The most important of these risks due to the obstruction of the boundaries in Sistan and Baluchistan province are:
- Preventing animal immigration
- Extinction of plant species of the region
- Destruction of the ecotourism industry
- Increased area wind erosion
B) Human hazards
Boundary walls، not only increase natural hazards، but also threaten human security in the boundary areas، which will spread to other parts of the country and in other words، affect the entire country.
- Cultural-ethnic separation across borders
- Guide people to unknown spaces
- Increased tendency to smuggle drugs and weapons
- Reduce trust in the central government
- High economic costs
C) Statistical discussion
In this research، two groups of natural and human hazards caused by the construction of boundary walls on the boundary of Sistan and Baluchistan have been investigated، which have 9 cases. By using rating technique، can rank these hazards based on the degree and significance of them، first giving them a direct rating and then using the formula ( N-rj + 1) 2 scale each one and finally، by dividing the scale of each criterion into the total scales، we list the hazards in the range from the highest to the lowest rank. (In this case: n = total number of criteria، rj = direct rank).
Table 2: Ranking of factors arising from the construction of the boundary wall
Hazard Direct rating Scale Standard rating
Reduce trust in the central government 1 81 0.284
Cultural-ethnic separation across borders 2 64 0.225
Extinction of plant species of the region 3 49 0.172
Preventing animal immigration 4 36 0.126
Increased tendency to smuggle drugs and weapons 5 25 0.088
Destruction of the ecotourism industry 6 16 0.056
High economic costs 7 9 0.032
Guide people to unknown spaces 8 4 0.014
Increased wind area erosion 9 1 0.004
Total 45 285 1
4. Conclusion One way that countries use to control and manage their boundaries is blocking boundaries by construction of these boundary walls. Despite the benefits of it for some countries، also produce some risks to countries that unfortunately have not been attention. Meanwhile، the Islamic Republic of Iran، by constructing a boundary wall in Sistan and Baluchistan، is trying to control and manage its boundaries in that part of the country more effectively. Although it is not possible to conceal the benefits of such an action، but along with these benefits، some of the hazards from the construction of these boundary walls of the country are problematic، which has been less studied in studies on boundary. The results of the present study are divided into two parts as follows:
Natural hazards (environmental): preventing the migration of animals; extinction of plant species of the region; destruction of the ecotourism industry; increased wind erosion.
Human risks: cultural-ethnic separation across borders; guide people to unknown spaces; increase tendency to smuggle drugs and weapons; reduce trust in the central government; high economic costs
In general، the construction of boundary walls along the borders of Iran in Sistan and Baluchistan Province can significantly affect the environment of this part of the country due to its fragile ecosystem، and on the other hand، the construction of these boundary walls regardless of the economic situation of the frontier in this part of the country and its dependence on boundary exchanges can provide divergence، distrust of the central government and attract frontiers to organized groups of drug and weapons smuggling.
خلاصه ماشینی:
با گذشت زمـان اسـتفاده و بـه کارگیری دیوارهـای مـرزی بـا نزدیکـی و وابستگی هر چه بیشتر کشورها و حکومت ها به یکدیگر و شکل گیری مباحثی نظیر جهانیشـدن و جهـان بـدون مـرز اهمیت و جایگاه مرزها و مرزبانی را برای دهه های پایانی نیمه دوم قرن بیستم تحت شعاع خود قرار دادنـد؛ امـا رونـد تحولات در جهان معاصر به گونه ای بوده است که دو دهه بعد از فروپاشی دیوار بـرلین و شـکل گیـری مبـاحثی نظیـر جهانیشدن ، جهان بدون مرز، پایان جغرافیا و ...
علاوه بر آن منطقه بلوچستان به عنوان بخش بـزرگ اسـتان سیسـتان و بلوچسـتان کـه مجموعـا حدود ٥/%٦ وسعت کشور را تشکیل میدهد به دلایلی ازجمله دورافتـادگی، در حاشـیه بـودن و بـه ویـژه گسسـتگی فضایی این استان با مناطق مرکزی و داخلی به واسطه وجود دو صحرای بزرگ دشت لوت و دشـت کـویر بـا انـزوای جغرافیایی مواجه بوده که عملا باعث واگرایی عمیق بلوچ ها از نظرسیاسی نسبت به حکومت مرکـزی در طـول تـاریخ شده است .
در این میان جمهوری اسلامی ایران نیـز بـا سـاخت دیوار مرزی در منطقه سیستان و بلوچستان سعی دارد مرزهای خود در ایـن بخـش از کشـور را به صـورت مـوثرتری کنترل و مدیریت کند.
نتایج حاصل از تحقیق حاضر به صورت کلی نشان دهنده آن اسـت کـه مخاطرات ناشی از احداث دیوارهای مرزی در طول مرزهای کشـور در اسـتان سیسـتان و بلوچسـتان را مـیتـوان در قالب دو بخش ذیل تقسیم بندی کرد: مخاطرات طبیعی (زیست محیطی): سد کردن راه مهاجرت حیوانات ؛ از بین رفتن گونه های گیاهی منطقـه ؛ از بـین رفتن صنعت اکوتوریسم ؛ افزایش فرسایش بادی منطقه .