خلاصه ماشینی:
"Challenges of Determining Jurisdiction and Applicable Law in International Electronic Contracts Ebrahim Noshadi Mahmood Bagheri Abstract The use of information technology in business has led to challenges in the rules governing jurisdiction and applicable law as, these rules are mainly based on the principle of physical approximation, while there is no physical space in the cyberspace, so how we can apply this principle to find out appropriate jurisdiction either law or court.
In these regulations, law of the place of the damage is accepted as the general rule of law applicable to non-contractual obligations.
Criminal Liability of Credit Institutions In Iranian Law MohammadJafar Habibzadeh Mahmood Saber Hossein Samie Zonouz Abstract The demands of today's world and the Commitment of dangerous and harmful crimes by legal entities and the need for appropriate compensation for victims of damage and judicial -criminological considerations, have convinced legal systems such to accept criminal responsibility of legal entities.
Representing approach as a criteria for attributing criminal liability to credit institutions as legal entities, is approved by the Iranian legislature in Article 143 of the Islamic Penal Code, but due to flaws in this theory, including the difficulty of identifying responsible individuals and complicated structure of credit institutions, accepting of corporate responsibility theory is consistent with the basics of Identifying of criminal liability for credit institutions as legal entities and the principles of justice and fairness.
The ambiguity in the regulation of the multiple crimes and unclear boundaries between actual and virtual concurrence of crimes and numerous criminal consequences has led to differences in the determination of appropriate penalties in judicial proceedings."