چکیده:
More than 50% of the global population already lives in urban settlements which are projected to absorb almost all the global population growth to 2050, amounting to some additional three billion people. Over the next decades the increase in rural population in many developing countries will be overshadowed by population flows to cities. Rural populations globally are expected to peak at a level of 3.5 billion people by around 2020 and decline thereafter. Given the robust trends toward a convergence of much of the developing world to levels of urbanization already found in the developed world, the energy and sustainability challenges of equitable access to clean-energy services, of energy security, and of environmental compatibility at local through global scales cannot be addressed without explicit consideration of urban energy systems and their specific sustainability challenges and opportunities. Energy-wise, the world is already predominantly urban. It is estimated that between 60–80% of final energy use globally is urban. Hereby various urban elements play significant role in urban energy consumption rate. Knowing these key drivers and providing appropriate strategies may be an important action toward a more efficient urban future. Considering the aforementioned challenges, acquiring a comprehensive view on key drivers and therefore comprehensive urban energy efficiency strategies is the fundamental aim of the present research. Based on this aim, a wide literature review on global urban energy issues is done to provide comprehensive knowledge of the most important urban energy key drivers. In the next step, a comprehensive urban energy efficiency strategies is delivered in different urban dimensions.
خلاصه ماشینی:
The factors that determine urban energy use can be classified into a few major groups: natural environment (geographic location, climate, and resource endowments), socioeconomic characteristics of a city (household characteristics, economic structure and dynamics, demography), national/international urban function and integration (i.
e. , the specific roles different cities play in the national and global division of labor, from production and a consumption perspectives), urban energy systems characteristics including governance and access (i.
On the distribution and end-use side, district heating and cooling infrastructures, which allow large economies of scale, cogeneration, and energy-efficient ‘cascading’ schemes, are specific urban- efficiency assets, but only economically possible when the density of demand is above a threshold that warrants the investment (GEA, 2012, p.
g. , insulation Urban Morphology- high Density and Compactness Salat and Morterol (2006) compared 18th century, 19th century, and modernist urban areas in Paris, assessing five levels) of buildings are essential for the amount of energy factors in relation to CO emissions for heating: (1) the intensity (energy/m2) needed for heating and cooling.
In the context of transportation, from cross-city comparisons it is well established that higher urban densities are associated with less automobile dependency and thus less transport energy demand per capita (Newman and Kenworthy, 1989, p.
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Three Challenges for the Compact City as a Sustainable Urban Form: Household Consumption of Energy and Transport in Eight Residential Areas in the Greater Oslo Region.