چکیده:
هدف این تحقیق بررسی و تحلیل نقش گردشگری در بروز تغییرات کاربری زمین در نواحی روستایی و شهری شهرستان کلاردشت میباشد. روش انجام این تحقیق توصیفی تحلیلی مبتنی بر پیمایش است. دادههای این تحقیق از طریق مشاهدات میدانی، مصاحبه و تصاویر ماهوارهای گردآوری شده است و برای تولید نقشه پوشش اراضی و آشکارسازی تغییرات، از تصاویر ماهوارهای لندست مربوط به سالهای 1366، 1388، 1390و 1394 استفاده شد. فرآیند پردازش تصاویر از جمله تولید لایههای رستری از طریق نـرمافزار Erdas 2014 صورت گرفت سپس از طریق نرمافزار، ArcGis 10.4 ، نقشههای موضوعی تولید شد. نتایج حاصل ار مشاهدات میدانی، مصاحبه و تصاویر ماهوارهای نشان میدهد که بخش زیادی از اراضی زراعی، باغات و جنگلی ناحیه مورد مطالعه در طی سالهای1366 تا 1394تغییر کاربری یافته و تبدیل به کاربری ساخته شده نظیر کاربری خانههای دوم، کاربری خدماتی و مانند آن گردیده است که از عوامل اصلی محرک و فشار در بروز تغییرات کاربری اراضی، توسعه گردشگری کنترل نشده بوده است به طوری که توسعه گردشگری با طرح تقاضا در زمینة خرید زمین و ساخت خانه دوم به همراه بورس بازی گسترده املاک و رشد تسهیلات و خدمات مرتبط با بخش گردشگری، در غیاب مدیریت کارآمد و ضعفهای جدی در اجرای قوانین و مقررات در ایجاد این تغییرات نقش اساسی داشته است.
EXTENDED ABSTRACT
Introduction
Land use change is one of the vivid results of human impacts on environment, thus analysis of
land use change is counted as crucial topic in the ecosystem researches (Dong etal, 2008).
Gathering information of the land use pattern and its changes during a long period is of the basic
preconditions in order to take advantage of land in a proper way (Karimi and Bayram Komaki,
2013). During the last decades human related land use changes are known as a process that stem
from the global environmental changes. In spite of global importance of land use planning and
management in touristic areas, such a crucial issue has been neglected in Iran. Regarding to
importance of the research on the tourism and agriculture interactions, this paper aims to
investigate on the relationship of tourism and agriculture in the area of Kelardasht as a case
study of the northern parts of Iran. The case study area has experienced rapid development of
second homes and drastic land use changes, thus land management system in the area has faced
to deep challenges.
Methodology
This is a descriptive and analytical research based on the field works and remote sensing
techniques. Land Sat Satellite images, maps and survey data were employed in this research.
The process of mapping was based on the supervised methods in which field research was
fulfilled to correct land use classification process. All samples were classified into following
groups: farm land, forest, built area and pasture. Samples were selected from wide and extended
range to reach proper domain. Maximum likelihood method was employed to pixel
classification. In this research Erdas Software 2014 and ArcGIS 10.4 were used to create raster
and vector layers.
Results and Discussion
Research results in 1998 shows that the second home area in Kelardasht was 274345 square
meters (Omran, Pajohesj and Memary consultant, 1998). The mentioned land use area reached
6638447.7 square meter in 2005. Indeed, the growth rate of second home was 141.9 during
1998 up to 2005. Second homes made up for 21/1 percent of the city area in 1998. This ratio
went up to 51/06 percent in 2005. However, the ratio of second home to the residential land use
was 63/4 percent that reach 68/7 percent in 2005.Field work results show that more than 30 percent of the residential land uses in the urban
neighborhoods belong to second homes in Kelardasht. But this ratio moves up to more than 70
percent in neighborhoods such as GarakPas and Bandeben. According to results, second homes
make up for more than 40 percent of houses in the rural areas of Kelardasht. This ratio is more
than 70 percent in villages like Osman Kola and Lash Sar.
This result shows the main role of second homes in land use pattern of the case study area.
According to Land Sat TM and IRS images the total area of farm lands were 8718 hectares in
1987. But by second home development especially in early years of 1990s, farm lands area
decreased to 8564.2 hectares. Indeed, 2 percent of farm lands (154 hectares) destroyed during
13 years. The area of farm lands decreased to 6966 hectares in 2009 (19 percent decrease).
During 2009-2015 farm land area decreased to 5501.9 hectares that means 21 percent land loses.
Conclusion
This research aimed to investigate impacts of second home development on land use change in
Kelardasht area as one of the important tourism destinations in Iran. The results show, tourism
has had serious role in land use change from farm lands or natural areas into second home uses
during last decades. As it is mentioned before, second homes make up for 70 percent of
residential area in some urban and rural areas of Kelardasht.
The general result shows that tourism development in Kelardasht was against the sustainable
principles. Indeed, tourism sector followed a spontaneous growth model by which huge areas of
natural resources and farm lands diminished in a short period of time. Land is the main ecologic
resource in every tourism destination, thus destroying of land will lead to destroying of tourism
resource.
This research has faced to some limitation to get updated local information and statistics. There
are unanswered questions on the reasons on rapid land use changes in the area that could be
done by following researches.