چکیده:
رشد جمعیت شهری در کشورهای در حال توسعه مشکلاتی مانند آلودگی زیستمحیطی و بهداشتی، تردد زیاد اتومبیلهای شخصی، و عدم سرزندگی شهرهارا بهوجود آورده است. جنبشهایی مانند نوشهرگرایی در اواخر قرن بیستم در جهت رفع این مشکلات و افزایش پایداری شهرها ایجاد شدند. «توسعة مبتنی بر حملونقل عمومی» (یکی از مشتقات جنبش نوشهرگرایی) رویکردی است که با تأکید بر افزایش سیستم حملونقل عمومی و مناسبسازی محلات برای پیادهروی سعی در کاهش استفاده از خودروی شخصی دارد. از این الگو در دهههای اخیر با هدف افزایش کیفیت توسعههای جدید و بهبود وضع موجود استفاده شده است. قزوین پس از انقلاب رشد چشمگیری داشته و ازآنجا که رشد کالبدی شهر با گسترش زیرساختهای حملونقل عمومی مطابقت نداشته موجب بروز مشکلات مختلفی شده است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی معیارهای توسعة حملونقل در منطقة۳ قزوین انجام شده است. برای دستیابی به هدف، نخست نظریات در زمینة توسعة حملونقل مطالعهو معیارهای بررسی این توسعه تدوین شد و در قالب پرسشنامه در محدودة مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی است و در زمرة پژوهشهای کمی و کیفی قرار میگیرد. در این پژوهش از روش تحلیل کیفی (تحلیل محتوا) و تحلیل کمی (آمار توصیفی و استنباطی) استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان میدهد منطقة۳ قزوین از نظر معیارهای توسعة حملونقل وضعیت متوسطی دارد. معیارهایی مانند دسترسی و پیادهمداری وضعیت متوسطی داشته و بایستی در جهت ارتقای وضعیت آنها در منطقه برنامهریزی شود. در انتها راهبردهایی برای بهبود منطقه از نظر توسعة مبتنی بر حملونقل عمومی ارائه شده است.
In recent decades the urban population growth and then hit the top of residing in urban areas ofthe world, especially in developing countries, make problems in cities such as Overcrowdingand traffic problems like environmental pollution resulting from excessive personal cars, healthproblems, lack of vitality. In other words, the growth of personal transport and increase thenumber of trips are the main causes of instability in urban environments. The movementappeared in the late twentieth century were created to solve this problem and increase thesustainability of cities and the proposed principles were trying to push the society in the betterway. New Urbanism movement in this period is one of the approaches that two patterns “basedon the development of public transport” and “Traditional Neighborhood Development” has beenderived from this approach. Pattern “based on the development of public transport” approachwith emphasis on improving public transport systems and tailor neighborhoods to walk is toreduce the use of private cars. The pattern in recent decades in many cities in the world with thegoals of increasing the quality of new urban developments and improve the status quo is beingused.Qazvin as one of the ancient cities of Iran after the revolution has population growth. Thisincrease affects physical growth of urban population growth have been many post-revolutionaryperiod. The city has three urban areas. Since the physical growth of Qazvin not match theexpansion of public transport infrastructure in various fields is causing problems. In this study,the criteria for transit-oriented development in the third district of Qazvin and the region interms of this approach have been identified. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of theregion to provide vision and strategies to improve the region and achieve development based onpublic transport have been paid.The movement appeared in the late twentieth century were created to solve this problem and increase the sustainability of cities and the proposed principles were trying to push the society in the better way. New Urbanism as a movement in design and urban planning in this period is one of these approaches. This approach first emerged in the 1980s in the United States of America. In this decade, a large number of American architects and urbanists such as Crier, Christopher Alexander and others criticized the burnout urban centers, local community's dependent on the automobile sector and use of private car in high level. These architects and urbanists are Prepared the emergence fields of New Urbanism. New Urbanism emerged as one of the approaches towards sustainable development and smart growth. This movement has two patterns. These patterns are "Transit Oriented Development" that based on the development of public transport and "Traditional Neighborhood Development". Traditional neighborhood development pattern is based about new suburban residential development with narrow streets, public spaces and public facilities that encourage people to walk to the nearest public transportation station. Transit Oriented Development pattern that based on the development of public transport approach emphasizes on improving public transport systems and tailor neighborhoods to walk is to reduce the use of private cars. In the other words this pattern seeks to create healthy communities, compact and pedestrian-oriented and high-quality public transport is around stations. This approach aims to promote quality of life for residents without dependence on the private car. Transit Oriented Development includes a range of programming at regional and local level. The main body of this approach consists of wide area network of heavy and light transport lines, Bus Rapid Transport and Metro lines. The transport network has a significant role in the transmission and displacement of populations and local and regional services. Along the transport route-based Transit Oriented Development land uses are developed. For development based on Transit Oriented Development approach being close to transport routes is not enough. Some issues like accessibility to parking and building density is important. This approach coordinates transportation and land use with each other in the process of planning and urban design and in this way creates sustainable and friendly-man society.The positive effects of economic, physical and environmental of this model for cities have prompted managers to make their towns sync with the principles of this development. Reducing automobile dependency and parking demand, increasing use of public transport systems, promoting walkability of neighborhoods, increasing mixed use areas, creating complex and attractive pedestrian, reducing air pollution caused by cars, reducing noise pollution, and etc. are the positive effects of this development. Transit Oriented Development is one of the approaches that many cities are trying to synchronize itself with the principles of this model. Studies and designs on many cities around the world to achieve this development is done. In Iran, this study was conducted on a limited basis. Some researchers have studied Transit Oriented Development principles in local scale. But surveying indicators of this approach in region scale was not mentioned in Iranian's studies. This pattern is useful for most of the cities. Historical cities because of its historical context and historical vacant lots within the area are good options for this development. Qazvin as one of the ancient cities of Iran after the revolution has population growth. This increase affects physical growth of urban population growth have been many post-revolutionary periods. This city has three urban areas. Region one is placed in southern area. Region three is placed in the northernmost area. And region number two is placed between region number one and region number three. Since the physical growth of Qazvin not match the expansion of public transport infrastructure in various fields is causing problems. In this study, the criteria for transit-oriented development in the third district of Qazvin and the region in terms of this approach have been identified. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of the region to provide vision and strategies to improve the region and achieve development based on public transport have been paid.
خلاصه ماشینی:
اصول توسعۀ مبتني بر حمل ونقل عمومي در مناطق شهري (مطالعۀ موردي: منطقۀ ٣ شهر قزوين ) محمدرضا احدي *١ـ دانشيار، عضو هيئت علمي پژوهشکدة حمل ونقل مرکز تحقيقات راه ، مسکن ، و شهرسازي ليلا شاه حسيني ـ کارشناس ارشد برنامه ريزي شهري پذيرش مقاله : ١٣٩٥/٠٧/١١ تأييد نهايي: ١٣٩٩/٠١/٢٦ چکيده رشد جمعيت شهري در کشورهاي در حال توسعه مشکلاتي مانند آلودگي زيست محيطي و بهداشتي، تردد زياد اتومبيل هاي شخصي، و عدم سرزندگي شهرها را به وجود آورده است .
اين توسعه با گرايش حمل ونقل عمومي نوعي از توسعۀ شهري در شهرها و شهرک هاي جديد يا بازسازي شهرهاي موجود است که با استقرار کاربري هاي عمدتا غيرمسکوني در ايستگاه هاي مترو يا اراضي اطراف آن زمينۀ استفاده از خودروي شخصي را کاهش ميدهد و در مقابل استفاده از وسيلۀ نقليۀ عمومي را افزايش مي دهد (عباس زادگان ، ١٣٨٨: ٢١).
دسته بندي کاربري ها در توسعۀ مبتني بر حمل ونقل عمومي (مأخذ: دايسا، ٢٠٠٤؛ والي کانکشنز، ٢٠٠١) (رجوع شود به تصویر صفحه) پياده مداري يکي از مهم ترين اصول پيشنهادي توسعۀ مبتني بر حمل ونقل عمومي براي برنامه ريزي در بافت هاي موجود توجه به حرکت پياده و پياده سازي معابر است .
رتبه بندي (رجوع شود به تصویر صفحه) براي بررسي اينکه آيا استفاده از توسعۀ حمل ونقل محور تأثير بسزايي در کاهش آلودگي دارد يا نه آزمون فرضيه به صورت زير مشخص و بررسي ميشود.
نتايج حاصل از تحليل نشان مي دهد که منطقۀ ٣ قزوين از نظر دارابودن معيارهاي توسعۀ مبتني بر حمل ونقل عمومي در وضعيت متوسط رو به بالا قرار دارد.