نویسنده: کاویانی پویا، حمید ؛
مطالعات شبه قاره بهار و تابستان 1401 - شماره 42 رتبه ب (وزارت علوم/ISC (20 صفحه - از 289 تا 308 )
از عوامل موثر در پویایی علوم و نشر و اعتلای دانش و دستاوردهای علمی یک تمدن؛ ارتباط دانشمندان با یکدیگر و بهره بری از دستاوردها و معلومات هم می باشد. در این بین با گسترة قلمرو مسلمین و گسیختگی و فاصلة جغرافیایی مرکز خلافت اسلامی با سرزمین هندT ابهام موجود در این پژوهش بر این مبناست که؛ طب اسلامی، از طب هندی چه بهره ای برده و نفوذ و نشر طب هندی در عالم اسلامی، چگونه و از چه مسیرها میسر گردید. همچنین برای ایرانیان در مقام صاحب منصبان و دانشمندان چه نقشی در آشنایی و درک مسلمانان از طب هندی در عصر اسلامی می توان قائل بود؟ با رویکرد بدین ابهامات پژوهش موجود با مطالعه اسناد و شواهد موجود و تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات منابع تاریخی بدین نتایج نائل آمد که؛ با سلطة مسلمانان بر قلمرو ساسانیان، طب هندی و اطبای هندی نیز به همراه دانشمندان ایرانی جذب دارالخلافة مسلمین شده و البته وزرای ایرانی از عوامل بنیادین در آشنایی دنیای اسلام با فرهنگ و علوم هندی شدند. افزون بر این؛ دانشمندان و اطبای ایرانی سهم ویژه ای را در تلفیق طب اسلامی با طب هندی داشته و به نحو مطلوبی، در معرفی و دفاع از طب هندی کوشیدند
Extended AbstractEffective factors in the dynamics of science and publication, and the enhancement of the knowledge and achievements of a nation or civilization; is the association of scientists with each other and the exploitation of achievements and information. Meanwhile, with the range of Muslim territories and the geographical distance of the center of the Islamic caliphate with the land of India; The ambiguity in this study is based on; how Islamic medicine used Indian medicine and how Indian medicine influences the Islamic world, and what routes and methods have been transmitted. How can the Iranian people, as officials and scholars, play a role in understanding and understanding Muslims of Indian medicine in the Islamic era? With the approach to this ambiguity, by studying existing documents and evidence and analyzing historical sources information, the present researched achieved to these results: Thus, with Muslim rule in the Sassanid kingdom, Hindu medicine, were attracted to the Muslims; together with Iranian scholars. of course, Iranian ministers and medicine had a special contribution to combining Islamic medicine with Indian medicine.Keywords: Indian medicine, Islamic medicine, Iran, Iranian physicians, Barmakids IntroductionIndia is a great land in the Southeast Asia with a large population enjoying ancient civilizations, various regions, and different religions. It is reported that Indians have always been pioneers in science and technology by historians and tourists. The scientific exchanges between Iran and India continued in the Islamic era by the Arabs’ conquests and the expansion of Islamic territory to India, which had a very close relationship with Iran. After the appearance of Islam, the Indian teachers and students connected with the capital of Islamic government through Iran and their own participations in the Sassanid territory. This connection has led to the fact that most parts of Islamic works of historians and geographers have belonged to Indian history.Considering Indian science and technology, the expansion of knowledge and medical achievements of this territory among the ancient civilizations in addition to the popularity of Indian knowledge in Islamic era; this research intends to find out what benefits Islamic medicine has received from the Indian one by studying the features and positions of Indian medicine in the ancient world. Additionally, this study is to find out how the combination of Islamic and Indian medicine has occurred generally, and which factors have been impressive in Muslims familiarity with the Indian medicine. Also, the important issue of Iranians’ role in introducing Indians’ culture and knowledge to the Islamic world is going to be studied.The impression of Indian medicine on the “Islamic medicine” and its importance and value can be inferred from the answers of the above questions. Taking into consideration the interferences of various people and countries in the foundation and glory of Islamic civilization; therefore, it seems crucial to study the role of India and its medicine achievements in the construction of Islamic medicine, and the role of Iran, its high positions and scholars in the transition of Indian medicine knowledge to the Islamic territory in the studies of Islamic civilization. Research methodologyThis research following library methodology firstly recognized the existing documents, then prioritized the resources based on their significance and credibility. In the following, the information were assembled through flash cards and the contents were scientifically analyzed by the use of descriptive-analytic methodology. DiscussionIndian medicine was mostly integrated with prayers, incantations, and any kind of spells, and each of the gods was associated with a disease, in other words, accounted as a specific disease repellent (Rig Vada, 1993: 480, 475-79). Meanwhile, the Indian medicine achieved a significant progress before the other civilizations achieving such great products. In fact, Vedict doctors found methods for facing a variety of diseases. They believed that diseases were mostly rooted in heredity although they themselves expressed that the cause of some diseases was seasonal changes. Interestingly, they expressed that some other diseases produce very small creatures in body (Renan, Bita; 278), also they were familiar with diabetes and analyzed the disease by tasting the sick’s urine (Khazar Akavi, 2000;50). Such an improvement in Indian medicine led to its popularity in the ancient world, as most of historians and authors of medicine history works accounted India as one of the principal cornerstones in medicine and pharmacology (Ibn Abi Osaybe, 1970: 35). It is worth mentioning that in the ancient India, surgery and autopsy improved significantly, while surgery was taught to medicine students (Rana, 1987,120). Political and cultural relationships between Iran and India have been reflected in documents as in the eras of Achamenian, Parthian, and specially in Sassanid the exchanges between the two countries were highly posited (Nak: Kavyani Pouia, 2015, 97: 105). As in Gondishapur (Bit Lapat), which was one of the biggest medical centers in the world before Islam, a group of Indian doctors were always teaching Indian medicine beside the other ones (Abbott, 1968: 71; Taylor, 2010: 8-9). After the Sassanid era in the Islamic one, Islamic historians and geographers have discussed the exchanges between Iran and India in which Indian products being very practical in medicine, enjoyed a high position (Ibn Balkh, 1995: 455-449, 286-299). Indian medicine became specifically popular as one of the three principles of Islamic medicine by the entrance of Indians to the Muslims’ capital. Different factors were involved in transition and prevalence of Indian treatment and medicine methodology in Islamic medicine. Among them, Indian medicine was brought directly into the Islamic capital firstly by the Indian doctors who studied medicine in Iran and Gondishapur scientific centers, meanwhile the support of Barmecide ministers and their actions were significantly impressive. Additionally, Iranian doctors in Islamic era played very important roles in transition of Indian medicine knowledge to the Islamic world by translating the Indian works. Therefore, most of the Indian works, treatment methods, and pharmaceutics transited to the Islamic world (Jurji zaydan, 1993: 549). The Iranian doctors like: Rabn Tabari, Zakaria Razi, Abu Mansur Ibn Heravi, and Abu Rayhan Biruni defended the Indian medicine methods against the Greek one and they tried their bests in order to integrate it with the Islamic one even much better than the Indian doctors. ResultsIslamic medicine is a combination of medical sciences in ancient civilizations in which the Indian medicine and scholarship has been one of the three main principles in the Islamic era. In addition, Indian medicine became famous very soon in this era and Indian treatment methodology enjoyed proper attention as a practical one since Indian medicine included leading treatments and pharmaceutics. In fact, the Indian medicine succeeded in having access to various treatment methods especially in surgery and autopsy hundred years before Christ Birth. Based on the direct relationships with Iran and the establishment of the greatest scientific-medical centers in Sassanid era, Indian doctors travelled to Iran and were admitted in the scientific centers, then Indian medicine enjoyed a great popularity beside the Iranian and Greek ones in the Sassanid era. By the downfall of the Sassanid and especially in the Abbasi period, Indian doctors beside the Iranian ones entered the Islamic territory while in this entrance Barmecide family and other high positions of Iran played significant roles since this family encouraged the Indian and Iranian scholars in translation and transfer of the Indian science to the Islamic capital. Therefore, because of the previous connections between Iranians and Indians and Iranians’ familiarity with the Indian medicine, doctors, and pharmacists, Iranians tried their bests to advertise and use the Indian medicine even more than Indians did. Actually, the first works in medicine in the Islamic era including Indian medicine and drugs were authored by Iranians, this works led to Indian medicine to compete with the popular medicine of that time, especially the Greek one. 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خلاصه ماشینی:٢- نگرشي به طب هنديان در عصر باستان به سبب اقليم و طبيعت پيچيده و کم ترشناخته شدة هند، باورهاي مختلفي کـه آميختـه بـا رازهـا و رمزها بود در هند و زندگي هندوان رايج شده و در اين بين ، درمانگري و رويکرد به بيماريها نيز تحت تأثير سحر و مسائل ماوراءالطبيعه قرار داشت و فيلسوفان هنـدي در مجمـع عمـومي سـالانه بيماريها را همچون خشکيها و باران هـا پيشـگويي مي کردنـد (ديـودور سيسـيلي، ١٣٨٤: ١٥٨)؛ بنابراين طب هندي در دوران باستان همواره با دعاها، وردها و انواع طلسـم ها همـراه بوده اسـت و هريک از خدايان در ارتباط با يک بيماري و به عبارت بهتر عامل دفع بيمـاري خاصـي محسـوب ميشدند و برهمنان هندي در نقش واسطه هاي نجات بخش ، با اوراد و ادعيۀ مختلف براي مـردم و خود، از ايزدان مختلف خواستار شفا ميشدند (ريـگ ودا، ١٣٧٢: ٧٩-٨٠، ٤٧٥-٤٨٠؛ نجم آبـادي، ١/١٣٧١: ٣٥-٣٦) با اين حال اين امر سبب نشد که درمانگري در مراحل ابتدايي و خرافي بمانـد، بلکه به تدريج و البته با سرعتي درخور، همان گونه که اقليم هند سبب رواج باورها و اعتقاداتي گاه خرافي شده بود، طبيعت هند در درمان بيماريها بـه يـاري آدمـي آمـده و هنـد در داروسـازي و داروشناسي و گياهان دارويي جايگاه قابل ملاحظه اي يافت .
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