چکیده:
ردیابی و رفع آثار بیرونی، به همراه تأمین منافع و کالاهای عمومی به عنوان کلیدیترین چالشهای حوزۀ عمومی، دلیل و ماهیت وجودی برنامهریزی شهری بوده و همواره در کانون کاربست و عمل آن قرار داشته است. آثار بیرونی، به عنوان هزینهها و منافع جانبی ناشی از فعالیتهای یک فرد (عامل) هستند که بر رفاه افراد (عاملان) دیگر و یا جامعه تأثیر میگذارد، ارزش آن محاسبه نشده و به طرفین متضرر، پرداخت و از طرفهای منتفع، دریافت نمیشود. برنامهریزان و سیاستگذاران شهری تا کنون برای حل مشکل آثار بیرونی، ابزارهای سیاستی مختلفی ازجمله؛ کنترل و هدایت توسعه، مالیاتستانی و پرداخت یارانه، و... را به کار گرفتهاند. از آنجا که آثار بیرونی در شهر ابعاد چندگانۀ حقوقی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فضایی دارد، اتخاذ رهیافتی میانرشتهای و چندانتظامه برای کشف قوای علّی و سازوکارهای مولد آنها، ضرورتی اجتنابناپذیر است. بنابراین، هدف این مقاله تبیین شیوۀ میانکنش و نقش نهادهای حقوق مالکیت و برنامهریزی شهری در تولید و کنترل آثار بیرونی در شهر است. پس از ارائۀ یک گونهبندی از انواع ابزارهای سیاستی رفع آثار بیرونی، با بهکارگیری منطق استدلال پسکاوی تحت پارادایم واقعگرایی انتقادی، این مقاله به یک چهارچوب مفهومی دست مییابد که تخصیص حقوق مالکیت زمین در نظام برنامهریزی شهری را اصلیترین سازوکار مولد و کنترل آثار بیرونی در شهر شناسایی و تبیین میکند. از اینرو، بر بهکارگیری رهیافت حقوق مالکیت، که در فصل مشترک دو انتظام اقتصاد و حقوق قرار دارد، در نظام برنامهریزی شهری کشور تأکید میشود.
IntroductionAddressing the externalities and the provision of public interests as the key challenges of the public domain are the raison d’etre of urban planning and have been placed at the center of its practice. Externalities are the side costs and benefits of individual activities that affect the well-being of other individuals and society. Its value is not calculated and compensated to the injured parties and is not captured from the interested parties. The density and proximity of spaces and activities in the city make the production of externalities more likely. It can be argued that the analysis of externalities lies at the heart of urban economics and planning. So far, urban planners and policymakers have adopted various policy tools, such as development control, taxation, and subsidies, to solve this problem.The gap between the goals of development plans and the status quo of cities and the inability of applied tools and methods to control externalities has led planners to explore the possibility of using the other options. Given that externalities have multiple legal, economic, and social (or spatial) dimensions, adopting an interdisciplinary approach is an inevitable choice. Therefore, this article aims to identify causal powers and generative mechanisms of externalities and explain the interaction and role of property rights and urban planning institutions in controlling externalities in the city. Materials and MethodsBased on purpose, this article is basic and explanatory-analytical in nature. To identify the causal powers and generative mechanisms that produce externalities in the city and to explain how these elements interact with each other in this process, critical realist paradigm and retroductive reasoning strategy were selected. In critical realism presented by Bhaskar, reality is constituted by three layers: the empirical, the actual, and the real. Critical realism holds that science is the identification of the deeper real level, including social structures, constructs, and institutions that form the phenomena.After a systematic review of resources related to the research issue, a comprehensive typology of various internalization tools was proposed, and the first conceptual framework was developed. Then using the qualitative content analysis method, texts and documents of formal rules and interviews were analyzed, and eventually, the first conceptual framework was revised. FindingsThe first finding of the article is a comprehensive typology of various internalization tools, which results from a systematic literature review related to the research problem (descriptive phase). By using retroductive reasoning, this research tried to go from the empirical layer (examples of externalities) to deeper actual and real layers. Therefore, based on the existing knowledge (literature), a preliminary conceptual framework was developed at first and then modified and finalized after applying the mentioned methods. As the second finding, this conceptual framework (output of analysis phase) identifies the causal powers and generative mechanisms of externalities in the city and explains how property rights and spatial planning institutions interact with each other in this process. Finally, a framework for policies, mechanisms, and tools for internalizing externalities has been introduced as the third finding (prescriptive phase). ConclusionThe emergence of a new turn in planning theory has been a search for the institutional and legal foundations of spatial planning and an emphasis on the importance and role of institutions in their efficiency and effectiveness. The novelty of this article is in adopting a critical view of the existing approaches to solve the problem of externalities in the city through applying an institutional approach to urban planning. Under the critical realism and retroductive strategy, this article developed a conceptual framework that identifies and explains the allocation of land property rights in the urban spatial planning system as the primary generative mechanism in the control of externalities. This framework shows that the externalities of urban activities and spaces are the empirical layer of reality that institutions and rules of urban planning and property rights constitute its deeper real layer. In fact, the interaction of urban planning and property rules with each other in the process of allocating land property rights in the city is the main mechanism of the physical-activity space production and then externalities. Therefore, planners must put the distribution and allocation of land rights at the center of planning practice, and the emphasis will be placed on applying the property rights approach, which is at the interface between the law and the economics in the urban planning system in Iran.