چکیده:
طی چند دهه گذشته رشد فزایندة شهرها سبب تحولات گستردهای در مناطق مختلف جهان شده است. به طوری که این روند در شهرهای صنعتی و کلان شهرها با فراهم شدن امکانات رفاهی موجب گسترش ابعاد فیزیکی آنها شده و تبعات مختلفی را به همراه داشته است. یکی از اثرات مهم رشد فیزیکی شهرها تحول در فرم اولیه آنهاست که تاثیر مستقیم بر محیط اطراف خود دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل روند نظریههای متمرکز بر فرم شهرها و تغییرات اقلیمی، با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با بهرهگیری از مرور نظاممند دادهها و خروجی ۳۹ منبع برگزیده از مجموع ۷۰۵ مقاله منتخب از پایگاههای داده Google Scholar، Scopus، Web of Science و علمنت است که مشخص میکند کدام یک بر دیگری ارجحیت دارد. بررسیها نشان میدهد که پژوهشهای صورت گرفته در زمینة فرم شهرها سابقة طولانیتری نسبت به تغییرات اقلیمی داشته اما این مطالعات همسو با تقابل این دو متغیر نبوده و هیچ برنامهریزی منسجمی در این خصوص صورت نگرفته است. یافتههای پژوهش حاکی از آن است که در نظریات مطرح شده، توسعه فیزیکی شهرها رابطهای معکوس با اقلیم داشته، به مرور طی ۳۰ سال گذشته جدیتر شده، و نظریات فرم شهری از ابتدا عاملی بازدارنده در تغییر فرم فیزیکی شهرها برای بهبود شرایط اقلیمی نبوده است. همچنین مشخص گردید که مهمترین عوامل در بررسی اثرات متقابل تغییر فرم شهرها و تغییرات اقلیمی شامل شناخت موقعیت جغرافیایی، شکل و اندازه فیزیکی شهرها، فاصله شهرها از یکدیگر، فرایندها و چالشهای توسعه میباشد.
Introduction: Over the past few decades, the increasing growth of cities has caused extensive
changes in different regions of the world. This trend in industrial cities and metropolises, with
the provision of comfort facilities, has led to the expansion of their physical dimensions and
has brought various consequences. Changes of initial form of the urban area’s is one of the
most important factors of the physical growth of the cities which has a direct impact on the
surrounding environment. In the past, mankind has tried to examine, plan and even adapt
preventive methods for cases where environmental changes took effect suddenly and in a
short period, such as floods and storms, based on historical data and records, the causes and
conditions of its occurrence to predict. But only during the last few decades, those changes
that have had long term effects, such as climate change, without any objective representation,
have been measured and investigated with different methods and found its harmful effects.
Mankind has not yet found a special solution for it.
Materials and Methods: The purpose of this research is to study the orientation of theories
focused on the Urban Form and Climate Change, with a descriptive-analytical method and
using systematic review’s of data which the output was 39 selected sources out of 705
selected articles from the Scholar Google, Scopus and Web of Science database, determines
why and how they are specified and which one is distinguished from the other. Due to the
contrast of two variables and the multidisciplinary nature of this research, the issue of urban
form has had more weight in opinion raised. Due to a better review, references from 1960 to
2020 were selected and the main keywords were considered without any specific geographical
restrictions.
Results and Discussion: in this research, the urban form has been examined as the physical
part of a city, considering all its details and conditions. Studies show that the researches
conducted in the filed of the Urban Form have longer history than Climate Change, but these
studies are not consistent with the opposition of these two variables and no proper planning
has been done in this regard. The findings of the research indicate that in the proposed
theories, the physical development of cities has an inverse correlation with the climate, it has
become more serious over the past 30 years, and the urban form theories have not been a
deterrent factor in changing the physical form of the cities to control climatic conditions. In
order to investigate the mutual effect of urban form and climate change, two important points
should be considered. First, the basic changes of the city should be examined in specific
period that had the most impact, and secondly, the climate change process should be
examined in the same time frame. These points help to better analyze what is needed to
reduce climate impact.
Conclusion: The most important factors in examining the mutual effects of changing the
urban form and climate change include knowing the geographical location, the physical
shape, size of cities, the distance between cities, development process and challenges. It is
believed that many theories based on urban form could act in a way to propose a preventive
plan regarding the climate change challenge. The components of this research have gained
importance over the past years with the intensification of climate change effects, but it still
has an unknown part of a puzzle that if there is a change in the from of today’s cities, can we
imagine better condition for the climate in the future?