چکیده:
ﺑﺰﻫﻜﺎرى و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش آن در ﺟﻬﺎن، اﻣﺮى اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ، از آﻏﺎز ﺗﻤﺪن ﻫـﺎى ﺑﺸـﺮى اﻋﻢ از ﺗﻤﺪن اﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﺎى اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮن، ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺑﺮاى ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺑﺎ اﻳـﻦ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪه ﻫﻨﺠﺎرﺷـﻜﻦ ﺗـﻼش ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻄﻮر ﺗـﺎرﻳﺨﻲِ ﭘﺎﺳـﺨﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﺮاﻳﻢ، از اﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺣـﻖ ﺑﺮاﻣﻨﻴـﺖ و ارزش ﭘﺎﺳﺪارى ﺗﺤﻘّﻖو آن، در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺖ دارد. ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﺎن ﺟﺮاﻳﻢ در ﻃﻮل ﺗـﺎرﻳﺦ ﺣﻘﻮق ﻛﻴﻔﺮى از دادﮔﺴﺘﺮى ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺑﺪوى، آﻏﺎز ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻴﺎن اﻣﻨﻴﺖ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻣﺪرن واﮔﺬار ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ و دوﻟﺖ ﻫﺎى ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن، ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮع ﻣـﺪل ﻫـﺎى ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﺖ ﺟﻨـﺎﻳﻲ ﺧـﻮد، ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎى اﻣﻨﻴﺖ را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﺣﻖ ،در وﻫﻠﺔ اول ﺑﺮاى ﺛﺒﺎت ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ، ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار داده و آن را در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ ﻛﻴﻔﺮى در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻴﺎن ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻮد واﻧﻬﺎده اﻧﺪ. ﻟﻜﻦ، اﻳﻦ اﻣﻨﻴـﺖ ﻛـﻪ در ﺑﺎدى اﻣﺮ، ﺑﺎاﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﻲ ـ ﻣﺎﻟﻲِ ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪان ﻫﻤﺴﻮ اﺳﺖ، از ﮔﺬر ﮔﻮﻧـﻪاى دﻳﮕـﺮ از اﻣﻨﻴـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺎم اﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ـ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻀـﻤﻴﻦ و ﺳـﺮاﻧﺠﺎم ﺑـﻪ اﻳﺠـﺎدﺛﺒـﺎت در ﺗﺤﻘّـﻖ آن ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ، اﻣﻨﻴـﺖ ﭘﺎﻳـﺪار و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ اﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﺎن، از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﻘّﻖ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ، اﺳﺘﻘﺮار و اﺳﺘﻤﺮار آن، ﻳﻚ ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮاى ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪان و ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﺑﺮاى ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮازﻳﻦ و ﻣﻨﺸﻌﺐ از اﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻓﺎرغ از ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻳﺮاد و ﺧﺪﺷﻪ ، ﺣﻘﻮق ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪان وﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ را ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ و ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎم آن را ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی به مدل و جلوه شناسی سیاست جنایی پرداخته و نهایت به این دستاورد مهم رسیده است که قانون مجازات اسلامی ایران بر اساس مدل اقتدار گرای فراگیر و با رویکرد اصلاح و درمان اتخاذ شده است .
Crime and its spread in the world is a matter as old as the history of mankind, since the beginning of human civilizations, including the civilization of early humans until now, efforts have always been made to fight this norm-breaking phenomenon. The historical development of responding to crimes shows the importance of the right to freedom and the value of protecting and achieving it in various societies. Responding to the perpetrators of crimes throughout the history of criminal law has started from private prosecution in primitive societies and has been left to the guardians of security in modern societies. Different authorities and governments, according to the type of their criminal policy models, consider the realization of security types as a right, first of all for the stability of societies, and choose it in the form of the criminal justice process in the choice of youths. are Thus, since the realization of security, stability and continuity is a right for citizens and a task for governments, it must be based on standards and derived from principles that are free of the least objections and dangers, the rights of citizens and society. Guarantee it. The current research has studied the model and manifestation of criminal policy with a descriptive-analytical method and has finally reached this important achievement that the Islamic Penal Code of Iran was adopted based on the inclusive authoritarian model and with a reform and treatment approach.