نویسنده مسئول: فغفوری آذر، معصومه ؛
روان شناسی پیری پاییز 1402 - شماره 34 رتبه الف (وزارت علوم/ISC (14 صفحه - از 297 تا 310 )
اختلالات شناختی و افت کیفیت زندگی از تغییرات شایع در دوران سالمندی است که طیف بسیار وسیعی از مشکلات را به خود اختصاص میدهند. برای افزایش سطح سلامت و عملکرد جمعیت رو به رشد سالمندان، باید شرایط و نیازهای آنان را شناخت. بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف اثربخشی تمرینات منتخب ادراکی-حرکتی بر حافظه کاری و کیفیت زندگی زنان سالمند انجام شد. این پژوهش به روش نیمهآزمایشی با طرح پیشآزمون پسآزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل تمامی زنان سالمند بالای 60 سال غیر فعال ساکن در مراکز نگهداری سالمندان شهر تهران بودند. نمونه پژوهش شامل40 نفر بهصورت در دسترس و براساس معیارهای ورود به مطالعه انتخاب و بهطور تصادفی در دو گروه کنترل و آزمایش گمارش شدند. شرکتکنندگان پرسشنامه وضعیت شناختی فولشتین، کیفیت زندگی سازمان جهانی بهداشت و حافظه وکسلر را تکمیل کردند. گروه آزمایش هشت هفته، سه جلسه 45 دقیقهای در هفته، در برنامه تمرینی ادراکی-حرکتی شرکت کردند. گروه کنترل در این مدت فعالیتهای روزمره خود را انجام دادند. پس از اتمام برنامه تمرینی، هر دو گروه مجدداً پرسشنامهها را تکمیل کردند. برای تحلیل دادهها از تحلیل کوواریانس تک متغیره در نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 20 استفاده شد (05/0≥P). نتایج تحلیل آماری بعد از مداخله تمرینی نشاندهنده بهبود معنیدار نمرات پسآزمون گروه آزمایش در متغیر حافظه کاری (007/0=P) و کیفیت زندگی (001/0=P) نسبت به گروه کنترل بود. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش، به سالمندان پیشنهاد میشود با توجه به توان فردی و امکانات محیطی، از تمرینات ادراکی- حرکتی در جهت ارتقای سلامت شناختی و جسمانی استفاده کنند.
Cognitive disorders and decline in quality of life are common changes in old age that cause a wide range of problems. In order to increase the level of health and performance of the ever-increasing older adults’ population, it is necessary to understand their conditions and needs. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of selected perceptual-motor exercises on working memory and quality of life in older women. This research was a semi-experimental one, with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all inactive older women over 60 years old living in nursing homes in Tehran. The sample of the study included 40 people selected using convenience sampling and based on the inclusion criteria and randomly assigned into control and experimental groups. The participants completed the Folstein’s mini–mental state examination, the World Health Organization Quality of Life and the Wechsler Memory Questionnaire. The experimental group participated in the perceptual-motor training program for eight weeks, three 45-minute sessions per week. The control group did their daily activities during this time. After the training program, both groups completed the questionnaires again. To analysis the data, Univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-20 software were used (P≤.05). The results of ANCOVA after the training intervention showed a significant improvement in the posttest scores of the experimental group in terms of working memory (P=.007) and quality of life (P=.001) compared to that of the control group. According to the results of this research, it is suggested to older adults to use perceptual-motor exercises in order to improve their cognitive and physical health, according to their individual ability and environmental facilities.EXTENDED ABSTRACTIntroductionDuring aging, factors such as cognitive and physical impairments and decreased independence affect the quality of life among older adults. Cognitive impairments influence daily activities in older adults and make them reliant on care. Beyond their psychological and social burdens, these impairments often incur high medical expenses. Therefore, they need to be solved through suitable interventions. Decreased working memory alongside poor emotional regulation can affect negatively the mental health and the quality of life among older adults. Quality of life can predict the extent and impact of illnesses, injuries, and disabilities in older adults, and act as a suitable tool for assessing their mental health. Based on conducted studies, of effective methods in enhancing memory and quality of life among the older adults, one is perceptual-motor exercises. It is imperative to employ a low-cost, safe, simple exercise program with multifaceted effects, such as perceptual-motor exercises executable with minimal sports facilities. Prior research has primarily focused on employing either perceptual or motor exercise methods separately, neglecting a combined exercise. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of combined perceptual-motor exercises on working memory and the quality of life in older adults.MethodThis study utilized a quasi-experimental approach with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included inactive older women over 60 years residing in nursing homes in Tehran, among whom 40 older individuals from one of these nursing homes were selected using convenience sampling and based on inclusion criteria and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Inclusion criteria included (1) scoring below the cutoff point in pretest questionnaires, (2) lack of regular physical exercises, (3) relative general health, (4) being illiterate, and (5) ability to participate in at least 90% of exercise sessions. Exclusion criteria included engaging in physical activity beyond the exercise program and using drugs or supplements affecting the participant's cognitive or physical state. Participants completed Folstein’s mini–mental state examination, world health organization quality of life questionnaire, and Wechsler memory scale. The experimental group participated in 45-minute sessions of a perceptual-motor program three times a week for eight weeks. The control group continued their daily activities without engaging in any specific organized physical exercises. Following the eight-week intervention, both groups completed the memory and quality of life questionnaires again. Data were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-20.ResultsBefore analyzing Data, it was determined that distribution of data in each group was normal, and the homogeneity assumption of variance was met. ANCOVA was utilized to assess the effectiveness of perceptual-motor exercises on working memory and quality of life. According to the results obtained from ANCOVA, it was demonstrated that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of working memory. Namely, considering the average score of working memory in the experimental group (M=60.62) compared to that of working memory in the control group (M=25.46) in the posttest, perceptual-motor exercises led to a significant increase in working memory in the experimented group. The effect size was equal to .88, signifying that 88% of the individual differences in working memory scores were attributed to the effect of perceptual-motor exercises. Hence, the first hypothesis of this study was confirmed. Besides, based on the average score of quality of life in the experimental group (M=134.69) compared to that of quality of life in the control group (M=107.33) in post-test, it was indicated that perceptual-motor exercises resulted in a significant increase in the quality of life in the experimental group. The effect size was .73, meaning that 73% of the individual differences in quality of life scores were due to the effect of perceptual-motor exercises. Therefore, the second hypothesis of the research was confirmed.ConclusionCognitive impairments are a normal part of aging, impacting working memory and reducing responsiveness to environmental stimuli. Nowadays, it is recognized that exercise training, by enhancing oxygen supply to the brain and improving brain structure, can complement pharmacological approaches for the elderly. perceptual-motor exercises, combined with cognitive tasks, may enhance perceptual-motor processes and memory. Quality of life is a social phenomenon shaped, reproduced, and learned through social measures. Through exercise and learning new skills, older adults gain increased confidence and capability, leading to improved physical, mental, and emotional health. Regular physical activities enable older adults to maintain their independence and contribute better socially, ultimately enhancing their quality of life. Due to prevalent disabilities, physical issues, and reduced mobility, older adults cannot benefit from intensive intermittent exercises to improve their cognitive and motor issues. Based on the results of the current study, people working in this field are recommended to implement a low-cost exercise program that simultaneously focuses on cognitive and motor aspects, such as perceptual-motor exercises, to achieve better performance considering older adults’ conditions and environmental facilities.Ethical ConsiderationEthical CodeThis study was conducted as an intrauniversity research project with approval from the Islamic Azad University, Garmsar branch.Financial Support This study was conducted as an intrauniversity research project funded by Islamic Azad University, Garmsar branch.Authors’ ContributionsM.F.A: Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, data curation, resources, writing - original draft, writing - review & editing, funding acquisition, project administration, supervision, visualizationConflict of Interest The author had no conflicts of interest.AcknowledgmentsGratitude is extended to the Deputy of Research at Islamic Azad University, Garmsar branch, for financial support in conducting this research. Heartfelt appreciation is also expressed to all older individuals who were participants of the current study.ReferencesAhmadi, M., Noudehi, M., Esmaeili, M., & Sadrollahi, A. (2017). Comparing the quality of life between active and non-active elderly women with an emphasis on physical activity. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 12(3), 262-275. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1247-fa.html [Persian]Akhoondzadeh, G., & Akhoondzadeh, J. (2014). Effectiveness of memory recall on memory performance of elderly. Journal of Geriatric Nursing, 1(1), 64-72. http://jgn.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-58-fa.html [Persian]Asgari, S., & Shafiee, H. (2017). Prediction of elderly quality of life based on internal coherence, mindfulness and spiritual intelligence. Positive Psychology Research, 3(3), 61-74. https://doi.org/10.22108/ppls.2018.110352.1384 [Persian]Atadokht, A., Rahimi, S., & Valinejad, S. (2018). The role of health promoting lifestyle and religious orientation in predicting quality of life and death anxiety in elders. Aging Psychology, 4(2), 143-154. [Persian]Baddeley, A. D., & Andrade, J. (2000). Working memory and the vividness of imagery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129(1), 126–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.129.1.126Bahrami, L., salianeh, M. A., Farsi, A. R., & Nikravan, A. (2017). The effect of mindfulness and working memory training on quality of life in active elderly. Sport Psychology Studies, 6(21), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.22089/spsyj.2017.4549.1477 [Persian]Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of Behavior Modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Barnes, D. E., Yaffe, K., Belfor, N., Jagust, W. J., Decarli, C., Reed, B. R., & Kramer, J. H. (2009). Computer-based cognitive training for mild cognitive impairment: results from a pilot randomized, controlled trial. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 23(3), 205–210. https://doi.10.1097/WAD.0b013e31819c6137 Berry, A. S., Zanto, T. P., Clapp, W. C., Hardy, J. L., Delahunt, P. B., Mahncke, H. W., & Gazzaley, A. (2010). The influence of perceptual training on working memory in older adults. PLoS ONE, 5(7), e11537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011537Birren, J. E., & Welford, A. T. (Eds.). (1965). Behavior, Aging, and the Nervous System: Biological Determinants of Speed of Behavior and Its Changes with Age.Etnier, J. L., Vance, J. C., & Ueno, A. (2021). Effects of Acute Exercise on Memory Performance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 29(5), 753-760. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2020-0208Farooqui T., & Farooqui, A. A., editors. (2015). Diet and Exercise in Cognitive Function and Neurological Diseases. Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118840634.ch19Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., & McHugh, P.R. (1975). Mini- mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956 (75)90026-6Foroughan, M., Jafari, Z., Shirin Bayan, P., Ghaem Magham Farahani, Z., & Rahgozar, M. (2008). Validation of Mini- Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the elderly population of Tehran. Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 10(2), 29-37. http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-422-fa.html [Persian]Fouladvand, H. (2015). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Treatment on Sleep Quality, Anxiety and Quality of Life in Female Students with Poor Sleep Quality. (Unpublished master's thesis). Chamran Martyr of Ahwaz University. [Persian]Gotlib, I. H., & Joormann, J. (2010). Cognition and depression: current status and future directions. Annual review of clinical psychology, 6, 285-312. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305Guadagni, V., Drogos, L. L., Tyndall, A. V., Davenport, M. H., Anderson, T. J., Eskes, G. A., … & Poulin, M. J. (2020). Aerobic exercise improves cognition and cerebrovascular regulation in older adults. Neurology, 94(21), e2245-e2257. https://doi.10.1212/WNL.0000000000009478Hajari, M. (2013). Investigating the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Insomnia Group Therapy on Improving Sleep and Quality of Life of Elderly Women (Unpublished master's thesis). Mashhad Ferdowsi University. [Persian]Hassanpour Dehkordi, A., & Rastar, A. A. (2016). Effect of progressive muscle relaxation on social performance and quality of life in aging. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 11(2), 244-249.http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-954-fa.html [Persian]Hesieh, S. S., Chang, Y. K., Hung, T. M., & Fang, C. L. (2016). The effects of acute resistance exercise on young and older males' working memory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 286-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.09.004Irandoust, K., Taheri, M., & Seghatoleslami, A. (2015). Comparing the effectiveness of water-based exercises and Yoga on memory and dynamic balance of elder people. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 6(4), 463-473. https://doi.org/10.22059/jmlm.2015.52770 [Persian]Jofre-Saldia, E., Villalobos-Gorigoitia, A., & Gea-Garcia, G. (2021). Effects of multicomponent exercise program with progressive phases on functional capacity, fitness, quality of life, dual-task and physiological variables in older adults: Randomized controlled trial protocol. Revista Espanola de Geriatria y Gerontologia, 56(5), 272-278. https://doi.10.1016/j.regg.2021.04.006 Khodaei, M., Andalib Kourayem, M., & Zarghami, E. (2022). The effectiveness of computer-based cognitive exercises on memory, attention and concentration in the elderly with mild Alzheimer's disease living in nursing homes. Aging Psychology, 8(4), 329-347. https://doi.10.22126/JAP.2022.8499.1674 [Persian]Kinno, R., Shiromaru, A., Mori, Y., Futamura, A., Kuroda, T., Yano, S., Murakami, H., & Ono, K. (2017). Differential effects of the factor structure of the Wechsler memory scale-revised on the cortical thickness and complexity of patients aged over 75 years in a memory clinic setting. Front. Aging Neurosci, 7(9), 405. https://doi.10.3389/fnagi.2017.00405Li, L., Liu, M., Zeng, H., & Pan, L. (2021). Multi-component exercise training improves the physical and cognitive function of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment: A six-month randomized controlled trial. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 10(8), 8919-8929. https://doi.10.21037/apm-21-1809 Masoumi, N., Jafrodi, S., Ghanbari, A., Ebrahimi, S., Kazem Nejad, E., Shojaee, F. (2013). Assessment of cognitive status and related factors in elder people in Rasht. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research, 8(2), 80-86. http://ijnr.ir/article-1-1202-fa.html [Persian]Metsamuuronen J., & Rasanen, P. (2018). Cognitive–Linguistic and Constructivist Mnemonic Triggers in Teaching Based on Jerome Bruner’s Thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2543. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02543Mohammadi, M. (2015). Describing the Life Problems of the Elderly from the Perspective of the Elderly (Unpublished master's thesis). Allameh Tabatabai University. [Persian]Mohammadi Sharif Abadi, M. (2018). The Effectiveness of Yoga on Balance, Quality of Sleep and Quality of Life of Elderly Men in Yazd City (Unpublished master's thesis in family counseling). Ardakan University. [Persian]Mojarad Azar Gharabaghi, M. J., & Dehghanizade, J. (2022). The Effectiveness of Gaze Stability Exercises on Balance and Executive Functions in the Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Aging Psychology, 8(3), 285-267. https://doi.10.22126/jap.2022.8341.1662 [Persian]Moradi, P., Masjedi, A., & Jafari, M. (2021). Effect of computer games on working memory, visual memory, and executive functions of the elderly. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology, 27(3), 302-317. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3215-fa.html [Persian]Moreira, N. B., Silva, L. P., & Rodacki, A. L. F. (2020). Aquatic exercise improves functional capacity, perceptual aspects, and quality of life in older adults with musculoskeletal disorders and risk of falling: A randomized controlled trial. Experimental Gerontology, 142, Article: 111135. https://doi.10.1016/j.exger.2020.111135 Mottaghi Ghamsari, A. S., Kormi-Nouri, R., Karsazi, H., & Hatami, J. (2022). Mediating role of inhibition control on the relationship between age and memory changes throughout adulthood: An aging developmental study in Iran. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience. Just Accepted publication Jan. (In Press). http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.261.3 Nascimento, C. M. C., Varela, S., Ayan, C., & Cancela, J. M. (2016). Effects of physical exercise and basic guidelines for your prescription on Alzheimer's disease. Revista Andaluza de Medicina Del Deporte, 9(1), 32-40. https://doi.10.1016/j.ramd.2015.02.003Nazemi Sajzai, B. (2017). The Effectiveness of Yoga on Resilience, Cognitive Flexibility and Improving the Quality of Life of Elderly Women (Unpublished master's thesis in the field of psychology). Payam Noor University. Ferdous Center. [Persian]Parvin, N., Hosseini, F. S., & Ahmadi, M. (2020). The effects of motor-motor and motor- cognitive dual task training on balance and working memory among older women. Motor Behavior, 12(39), 89-106. https://doi.org/10.22089/mbj.2018.5589.1650 [Persian]Pereira, T., Cipriano, I., Costa, T., Saraiva, M., & Martins, A. (2019). Exercise, ageing and cognitive function – Effects of a personalized physical exercise program in the cognitive function of older adults. Physiology & Behavior, 1(202), 8-13. https://doi.10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.01.018 Pernambuco C. S., Rodrigues, B. M., Bezerra, J. C. P., Carrielo, A., Fernandes, A. D. O., Souza Vale, R. G., & Dantas, E. H. M. (2012). Quality of life, elderly and physical activity. Health, 4(2), 88-93. https://doi.10.4236/health.2012.42014.Rajabi, M., Jahanshiri, S., Kashani Movahhed, B., Rezaei hoseinabadi, H., hoseini shafiabadi, M., Mohammad Qashqaei, A (2017). Quality of life in and its correlates in elderly in Tehran, Iran. Payesh, 16(4), 531-541. http://payeshjournal.ir/article-1-100-fa.html [Persian]Rochette, F., Moussard, A., & Bigand, E. (2014). Music lessons improve auditory perceptual and cognitive performance in deaf children. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 1(8), 488. https://doi.10.3389/fnhum.2014.00488Saed, O., Rushan, R., & Moradi, A.R. (2010). Investigating psychometric properties of Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition for the students of Tehran Universities. Journal of Daneshvar Behavior, 15(31), 57. [Persian]Seifi Gandomani, M., Janbozorgi, M., Alipour, A., & Aliakbari, M. (2016). Effectiveness of Islamic quality of life therapy on quality of life and depression in students with MDD. Toloo-e-behdasht, 15(1), 224-239. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-2120-fa.html [Persian]Seyedian, M., Falah, M., Nourouzian, M., Nejat, S.N., Delavar, A., & Ghasemzadeh, H.A. (2008). Validity of the Farsi version of Mini-Mental State Examination. Journal of Medical Council of I.R.I., 25(4), 408-414. [Persian]Slimani, M., Paravlic, A., Mbarek, F., Bragazzi, N. L., & Tod, D. (2020). The relationship between physical activity and quality of life during the confinement induced by COVID-19 outbreak: A pilot study in Tunisia. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 11:1882. https://doi.10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01882Song, D., & Doris, S. F. (2019). Effects of a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program on the cognitive function and quality of life of community-dwelling elderly people with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. International journal of nursing studies, 93, 97-105. https://doi.10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.02.019 Taguchi, N., Higaki, Y., Inoue, S., Kimura, H., & Tanaka, K. (2010). Effects of a 12-month multicomponent exercise program on physical performance, daily physical activity, and quality of life in very elderly people with minor disabilities: an intervention study. Journal of Epidemiology, 20(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20081033Tang, Y. Y., & Posner, M. I. (2009). Attention training and attention state training. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(5), 222-227. https://doi.10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.009 Tavakolian Akbari, Z. (2018). The Effectiveness of Emotional Working Memory Training on Improving Executive Functioning, Memory Performance and Emotional Regulation in Depressed Elderly (Unpublished master's thesis in cognitive sciences). Mashhad Ferdowsi University. [Persian]Tulloch, A., Bombell, H., Dean, C., & Tiedemann, A. (2018). Yoga-based exercise improves health-related quality of life and mental well-being in older people: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Age Ageing. 47(4), 537–544. https://doi.10.1093/ageing/afy044 Verhaeghen, P., Geigerman, S., Yang, H., Montoya, A. C., & Rahnev, D. (2019). Resolving Age-Related Differences in Working Memory: Equating Perception and Attention Makes Older Adults Remember as Well as Younger Adults. Experimental Aging Research, 45(2), 120-134. https://doi.10.1080/0361073X.2019.1586120Volkers, K. M., & Scherder, E. J. (2014). Physical performance is associated with working memory in older people with mild to severe cognitive impairment. BioMed Research International. Article: 762986. https://doi.10.1155/2014/762986 Wang, S., Chen, L., Zhang, L., Huang, C., Xiu, Y., Wang, F. & Tang, Y. (2015). Effects of long-term exercise on spatial learning, memory ability, and cortical capillaries in aged rats. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 1(21), 945-954. https://doi.10.12659/MSM.893935Werner, P. H. & Rini, L. (2009). Growth and Enhance Perceptual-Motor Skills in Children. Translators: Sazmand, H., & Tabatabaii Neia, M. 3th ed. Tehran: Danje Publication, 10-60.Wu, j., Wang, X., Ye, M., Wang, L., & Zheng, G. (2021). Effect of regular resistance training on memory in older adults: A systematic review. Experimental Gerontology, 15(150), Article: 111396. https://doi.10.1016/j.exger.2021.111396 Yagli, N. V., & Ulger, O. (2015). The effects of yoga on the quality of life and depression in elderly breast cancer patients. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 21(1), 7-10. https://doi.10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.01.002 Yan, J., Luan, F., Wang, M., Dong, W., Zhang, X., Li, M., & Cao, Y. (2022). Prospective association between standing balance and cognitive function in middle-aged and older Chinese adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 26(13), Article: 931216. https://doi.10.3389/fpsyg.2022.931216 Yazdanbakhsh, K., Jashenpour, M., Sanjabi, A., & Abbariki, A. (2019). Dimensions of memory in elderly compared with non-elderly. Aging Psychology, 4(4), 275-282. [Persian]Yazdanpour, F. (1388). The Quality of Life of the Elderly in Khomein City and Its Related Factors (Unpublished master's thesis). Allameh Tabatabaei University. [Persian]Yousefi Afrashteh, M., & Moradi, M. (2022). The Spiritual health and social support with quality of life in rural elderly: The mediating role of resilience and hope. Aging Psychology, 8(3), 251-266. https://doi.10.22126/jap.2022.8239.1647 [Persian]
- دریافت فایل ارجاع :
- (پژوهیار, , , )
تحتاج دخول لعرض محتوى المقالة. إذا لم تكن عضوًا ، فتابع من الجزء الاشتراک.
إن كنت لا تقدر علی شراء الاشتراك عبرPayPal أو بطاقة VISA، الرجاء ارسال رقم هاتفك المحمول إلی مدير الموقع عبر
webmaster@noormags.com
.
You need Sign in to view the content of the article. If you are not a member, proceed from part Sign up.
If you fail to purchase subscription via PayPal or VISA Card, please send your mobile number to the Website Administrator via
webmaster@noormags.com
.