چکیده:
در قرارداد بیمه، در فرض تحقق شرایط قراردادی، بیمهگر متعهد است به تعهد خود، دائر بر جبران خسارت یا ... عمل کند. گاه بهرغم تحقق شرایط مطالبۀ حقوق قراردادی برای بیمهگذار (تحقق خطر قراردادی)، بر مبنای تحقق امری که نوعاً نقض تعهد از سوی بیمهگذار است، بیمهگر از تعهد خود معاف میشودکه از آن به «سقوط حق» تعبیر میشود؛ یعنی سقوط حق بیمهگذار نسبت به جبران خسارات یا دریافت حقوق بیمهای. مبنای این سقوط حق، میتواند حسب مورد حکم قانون یا شرط قراردادی باشد. در نظامهای حقوقی خارجی (فرانسه و انگلستان) اعتبار شرط سقوط حق در قرارداد بیمه محدود به موارد خاص و منوط به رعایت شرایطی است. در حقوق ایران در مادۀ 15 قانون بیمه، این حکم در مورد تعهد اطلاعرسانی وقوع حادثه و تلاش در جهت مقابله با خسارت، پیشبینی شده است، اما در خصوص اینکه آیا طرفین قرارداد بیمه میتوانند در ضمن قرارداد در سایر موارد بر این امر توافق کنند یا باید آن را محدود به موارد مصرح قانونی دانست، نصی وجود ندارد. افزونبر این در خصوص ماهیت حقوقی این شرط قانون ساکت است. سؤال بنیادین آن است که ماهیت حقوقی این شرط چیست؛ همچنین شرایط صحت و اعتبار آن کدام است. بهنظر میرسد باید ماهیت آن را یک نوع «شرط سقوط تعهد» و در قالب اسباب سقوط تعهدات تحلیل کرد و نمیتوان آن را «شرط عدم مسئولیت» دانست و اعتبار این شرط در ضمن قرارداد بیمه را باید بر مبنای اصل آزادی قراردادی توجیه کرد.
In the insurance contract, assuming the fulfillment of the contractual
conditions, the insurer is obliged to fulfill his obligation, to compensate the
loss. Sometimes, despite the fulfillment of the conditions for claiming
contractual rights for the policyholder (realization of contractual risk), based
on the fulfillment of a matter that is typically a breach of obligation by the
policyholder, the insurer is released from its obligation, which is interpreted
as "Forfeiture ". The basis of this fall of the right can be according to the law
or contractual condition. In foreign legal systems, the validity of the clause
in the insurance contract is limited to specific cases and subject to
compliance with conditions. In French law, the condition of "Forfeiture" is
subject to limitations, both in terms of nature and form. In terms of form, the
clause must be binding, in the sense that the insured must know precisely
which of his obligations the forfeiture of the right is. It should also be written
in clear and bold terms. From a substantive point of view, according to the
law of December 31, 1989, it is effective only when the insurer proves that
the loss occurred as a result of the policyholder's non-obligation. In the law
of England, due to the seriousness of the guarantee of the implementation of
the breach of warranty in the law of 1906, fundamental reforms were made
in the insurance law of 2015 and in articles 10 and 11 of the insurance law, it
is stipulated that the breach of the warranty does not exempt the insurer from
the obligation to compensate the damage, but with the breach of the
warranty, the insurer's obligation to will be suspended. In addition, the
insurer cannot refuse to compensate the damage by using the breach of
warranty even if it is not related to the damage. In Iranian law, in Article 15
of the Insurance Law, this ruling is provided for the obligation to inform
about the occurrence of an accident and to try to deal with the damage, but
regarding whether the parties to the insurance contract can agree on this in
other cases as well, or it should be considered limited to legally authorized
cases, there is no text. In addition, the law is silent about the legal nature of
this condition. The importance of examining the "condition of Forfeiture" is
that such a condition is widely used by insurers in insurance contracts. While
the provisions of this condition, the collapse of the most important effect of
the insurance contract (one of its two cases); It means "Insurer's obligation to
compensate". In addition, the explanation of the legal nature of this
performance guarantee can help to explain the various aspects of this
institution and the conditions of its impact on the legal relationship of the
parties and adjust the superior position of the insurer in concluding the
contract according to the supplementary nature of the insurance contract.
The current research is an applied research and the method of collecting
information is a library. The author's research method is descriptive,
analytical and critical. The fundamental question is what is the legal nature
of the " Forfeiture" in insurance contracts; furthermore, what are its validity
conditions? It seems that the nature of this clause is "Falling Obligation" and
can be analyzed in the form of causes of falling of obligations and it cannot
be considered as a "Exclusion Clause" and the validity of this clause must be
confirmed in the insurance contract based on the principle of contractual
freedom. This research work is considered fundamental and at the same time
practical, which tries to be discussed with an analytical approach and with
descriptive, qualitative aspects and using library data to the extent necessary
to conduct the research. In order to achieve this, first, according to the
background, the required sources were prepared from Persian, English and
French legal books and articles, and then according to their content and the
analysis of the contents, the desired results, including the explanation of the
legal nature of Clause Forfeiture in The insurance contract and its credit
terms and conditions were obtained.