چکیده:
Figures of speech, meaning the use of words and phrases in a non-literal sense, are among the categories found in the language and literature of all nations. However, not all ways of using words and speech that are considered figures of speech in one language and literature are necessarily recognized as such in another, and in some cases, there are similarities and differences among known figures of speech. In German language and literature, 10 types of figures of speech are distinguished: metaphor, metonymy [qualitative], synecdoche, quantitative metonymy, antonomasia, specific and general antonomasia, irony, hyperbole, litotes, emphasis [on hidden meaning]; while in Persian language and literature, 2 to 4 figures of speech are mentioned: simile, metaphor, metonymy, and allusion. This article examines figures of speech in German and Persian language and literature, which in fact also constitutes an examination of figures of speech in Western and Eastern languages and literatures.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Figures of Speech in German and Persian Language and Literature Habib Kamali Rostam* Instructor of the Faculty of Foreign Languages, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch, Iran (Date of Receipt: 03/07/68, Date of Approval: 32/11/68) Abstract Figure of speech, meaning the use of words and phrases in a non-literal sense, is one of the categories found in the language and literature of all nations.
In German language and literature, 01 types of figures of speech are distinguished: metaphor, metonymy [qualitative], metonymy 'Ali, metonymy quantitative, irony, specific and general irony, inversion, hyperbole, litotes, emphasis [on hidden meaning]; while in Persian language and literature, 2 to 4 figures of speech are mentioned: simile, metaphor, metonymy, and allusion.
Metaphor (Metapher) In this type of figure of speech, there is a relationship of similarity between the literal and figurative meaning of a word or phrase: Wir leben unter den Wolfen(-Menschen wie Wolfe).
Metaphor in German language and literature is defined as a shortened simile, meaning a simile in which the simile particle or the verb of simile is omitted: Der Mensch ist dem menschen wie ein Wolf.
In Persian language and literature, depending on which side is omitted, two types of metaphors are distinguished: A) Explicit/Obvious Metaphor In this type of metaphor, the simile is mentioned and the simile is intended: Bahrām is like a lion in bravery.
Specific and general periphrasis (Antonomasie) in German language and literature is sometimes considered a type of periphrasis (Periphrase) and sometimes a type of quantitative metonymy (Synekdoche), in which there is a relationship between the literal and figurative meaning of a proper noun - common noun.
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