چکیده:
Individualism is one of the modern concepts and constructs that has become widespread, especially in the nineteenth century. Conceptual ambiguity of individualism has led to the emergence of various disputes and misunderstandings. Individualism has been studied and used in most fields of humanities and is a fundamental concept. In general, two positive and negative aspects can be considered for individualism; its positive aspect is synonymous with self-reliance, self-reference, and responsibility, and its manifestation can be found in Durkheim's ethical individualism and Parsons' institutionalized individualism. Its negative aspect is synonymous with isolation, narcissism, and selfishness, and its manifestation is found in the selfish individualism that fundamentally disrupts social order and development. The present article aims to clarify the conceptual space of synonyms for individualism, individualism, and its dimensions.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Individualism is of great importance in most branches of humanities such as economics, philosophy, political science, law, anthropology, sociology, and especially in cross-cultural psychology21, and the most basic discussions of the aforementioned disciplines are somehow related to it; therefore, it can be considered as one of the basic and fundamental concepts of humanities (see Kivisto22, 1378).
Although “individualism is generally considered a positive factor and creates concepts of individual independence and self-reliance in thoughts.
If we consider the most important characteristic of individual identity in the modern era to be the increase in the individual’s power to decide about determining his own life, these decisions are largely subject to internal reference.
Given the complexity of the concept of individualism and different interpretations of it, various dimensions can be considered for individualism, including religious individualism (Protestant), ethical individualism, institutionalized individualism, selfish individualism, horizontal and vertical individualism, which are among the most important dimensions of individualism that will be briefly mentioned.
These factors include: family integrity 1 (children should live with their parents until marriage) and interdependence 3 (I like to live near my good friends) as aspects representing collectivism, and self-reliance 4 (it is better to work alone than in a group) and separation from in-groups 5 as aspects that represent individualism.
Triandis initially believed that individualism included four factors: self-reliance, competition, hedonism, and emotional distance from the in-group, and that the content of collectivism included three factors: interdependence, family integrity, and sociability.
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