چکیده:
AbstractThe aim of this paper is to study transfer of Persian genitive construction to speech and language of Azerbaijani speakers. Data have been collected from different Azerbaijani speakers (monolinguals and bilinguals) in Ardabil and they were classified according to different kinds of Persian genitive construction. At first frequency of data was determined in speakers' speech then they were analyzed following language contact views. Findings showed some of Persian genitive constructions are abundant in all speakers' speech, meanwhile some of them appeared only in bilinguals' speech. So Persian genitive construction transfer to Azerbaijani speakers' speech can be analyzed well due to codeswitchig-borrowing continuum that is the most suitable to explain language transfer. There was not any genitive construction among data consists of Azerbaijani native constituents combined by Persian genitive marker. So this kind of language transfer is matter borrowing. Persian genitive construction has not been borrowed as the pattern to Azerbaijani. Key words: noun genitive, adjective genitive, Persian, Azerbaijani, language transferIntroductionBorrowing is a well-established term in linguistic studies that refers to the transfer of elements or structures from one language to another language or languages. All linguists consider the lexical borrowing as the most common type of borrowing meanwhile they declare the structures of languages resist against borrowing. According to Thomason and Kaufman (1988), structural borrowing occurs when the contact of languages is long and intensive. Observing the more use of Persian genitive construction (PGC) such as Meydan e Janbazan, Kuy e velayat and … by Azerbaijani individuals caused us to study these linguistic transfers from the perspective of Myers-Scotton (1993-2006), Matras (2009) and Gardani (2020) which have been famous in studies related to Language contact. Kasereyeh Ezafe is the marker used to connect two words or nouns together. Persian genitive construction is divided into two kinds: noun genitive and adjective genitive. Material and MethodsThe data of this study have been collected from the conversations or linguistic colloquialisms of Azerbaijani speakers in Ardabil province. 45 Azerbaijani speakers, consisting of three groups of 15 people: 1- Azerbaijani monolinguals 2- Ordinary bilinguals 3- Educated bilinguals were selected for interviews. All Persian noun genitive and adjective genitive constructions in Azerbaijani speakers’ speech were classified according to Tabatabaie’s taxonomy of Persian genitive constructions. Then the frequency of data use was determined and showed in two tables. 1115 different Persian genitive constructions were collected from the speech of Azerbaijani speakers (960 noun genitive and 155 adjective genitive). The data were analyzed from different perspectives in the field of language contact, so the present study was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner.Data analysis Noun genitive construction appeared in the speech of all types of speakers (Azerbaijani monolinguals, ordinary bilinguals and educated bilinguals), meanwhile adjective genitive construction only used by Azerbaijani-Persian bilinguals. Bayani Ezafe and Eghterani Ezafe with their frequencies being 304 and 12 respectively were the most and the least used Persian noun genitive constructions. Azerbaijani monolinguals only used 4 Persian noun genitive constructions (Bayani, Takhsisi, Melki and Tazimi) with more frequency and the other different Persian noun genitive constructions were not used by them. Also, the frequency of some Persian noun genitive constructions such as Eghterani Ezafe was very limited in the speech of ordinary bilinguals. The frequency of first 4 Persian noun genitive constructions (Bayani, Takhsisi, Melki and Tazimi) was high in the speech of all speakers.ConclusionMyers-Scotton (1993-2006) and Matras (2009) have proposed two important criteria to distinguish the borrowed elements from code-switched ones: 1- The borrowed elements are used by all speakers but code-switched ones are only used by bilinguals. 2- The use frequency of borrowed elements is very high in the speech of individuals. Considering these 2 criteria, some of Persian noun genitive constructions (Bayani, Takhsisi, Melki and Tazimi) are borrowed elements, meanwhile the other Persian noun genitive constructions and the adjective genitive construction appeared only in bilinguals' speech must be classified as code-switched elements. So PGC transfer to Azerbaijani speakers' speech can be analyzed well due to codeswitchig-borrowing continuum that is the most suitable to explain language transfer. There was not any genitive construction among data consists of Azerbaijani native constituents combined by Persian genitive marker. So according to Gardani (2020) this kind of language transfer is matter borrowing. PGC has not been borrowed as the pattern to Azerbaijani. Gradual transfer of PGC to speech of Azerbaijani speakers is result of unbalanced contact occurring between Persian and Azerbaijani. This phenomenon is considered very frequent in bilingual or multilingual societies by linguists.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Therefore, the transfer of Persian noun and adjectival Ezafe into the speech of Azerbaijani Turkish speakers can be explained within the framework of the code-switching - borrowing continuum, which possesses high capability in explaining the gradual transfer of constructions and structures from one language to another.
2. Literature Review Most traditional grammarians of the Persian language, such as Moein (1341), Ahmadi Guy (1383), Khayampour (1388), and others, have mentioned the Ezafe kasra as a mark or sign that connects two words or two nouns, such as Ostad-e Daneshgah (university professor), Ketab-e Tarikh (history book), etc.
The phonological manifestation or non-manifestation of various types of Persian noun ezafes in the speech of a wide spectrum of Azerbaijani Turkish speakers, as well as the significant difference in the frequency of use of those same ezafe structures, led this research toward the analysis of data based on two main criteria: distinguishing code-switching from borrowing.
The path of Persian noun and adjective ezafes into Azerbaijani Turkish can be shown through the code-switching-borrowing continuum or spectrum of Myers-Scotton (1993-2006) and Matras (2009), which depicts the process of gradual transfer and stabilization of structures from the source language to the recipient language.
The gradual path of Persian noun and adjective ezafes into the speech and language of Azerbaijani Turkish speakers is another piece of evidence for the high capability of the code-switching-borrowing continuum in explaining the transfer of structures and constructions from one language to another, which was elaborated with more examples and details in the present research.
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