چکیده:
The cosmological argument has been and is one of the most important philosophical and theological arguments in the religious tradition of various religions. In the philosophical-theological tradition of the Islamic West, different interpretations of this argument have been presented, and many criticisms have been leveled against it. In this writing, both the most important interpretations are presented and its criticisms are considered, and where necessary, the validity of the criticisms is mentioned.
خلاصه ماشینی:
MOnadOlOgy) must lie outside the chain of possible phenomena and must be a necessary being that we call God. Samuel Clarke also used the principle of sufficient reason in his cosmological argument (cf.
The first formulation is the famous argument from contingency and necessity, which Aquinas has detailed and based on the impossibility of an infinite regress; the second formulation is Swinburne's inductive cosmological argument, which focuses on the probability of God's existence rather than its necessity; the third formulation, which has recently also been known in the West as the Kalam argument, states that due to the impossibility of an actual infinite, a physical infinite regress is impossible.
Based on the principle of sufficient reason, what is needed is a complete explanation; that is, an explanation that includes causation in the form of sufficient conditions and includes the question of why this cause has that effect (The God of Existence.
And since the aforementioned argument does not depend on natural and material considerations, it does not suggest the existence of a first cause that is a temporal matter, but rather proposes the cause that creates and maintains the universe first, and from this same perspective, as Aquinas said, philosophical arguments for the existence of God are also compatible with the eternity of the world.
ontological Immanuel Kant criticized the conclusion of the cosmological argument based on the premise that a necessary being exists.
Like some modern defenders of the ontological argument, Kant considers the necessary being to be a being whose existence has logical necessity, meaning a being whose denial is logically impossible.
(
, 
, 
)
