چکیده:
: There is no doubt that Shia political thought during the era of Occultation, in the process of formulating the theoretical foundations of a religious government or designing a political revolution, faced many practical difficulties and theoretical shortcomings. By evaluating these inadequacies and providing a brief survey of the political reflections of Shia scholars, this article examines this subject with attention to its stages of evolution and transformation until the emergence of Imam Khomeini (AS). In the author's belief, until the beginning of the 1340s [SH], Imam's political thought was actually a continuation of the theoretical approach of previous scholars toward the issue of government; however, with the difference that Imam devoted all his efforts to creating a purely "religious society" regardless of the form and nature of its government. This is because, in his view, through the lever of continuous supervision by religious scholars over politics and government, one could overcome the crisis resulting from the lack of an ideal sovereignty, and this perspective was considered a step forward in light of the thinking of previous and contemporary scholars. Finally, the article studies the causes and how Imam Khomeini's (AS) political thought transitioned from the stage of a religious society to a religious government, taking into account the socio-political contexts of Iranian society throughout the 1340s [SH], and examines the factors and issues that caused the Imam to confront the established regime and realize its unreformable nature. In general, as the intellectual ideologue of the revolution, the Imam first negated and rejected the status quo and finally, by proposing the lesson of "Velayat-e Faqih," outlined his ideal and desirable system—which differed from established systems in many respects. It is obvious that the realization of this thought required a new mechanism and specifically a revolutionary theory. The revolution was a mechanism for breaking existing oppressive relations in order to provide the necessary ground for the realization of an Islamic-based sovereignty by Shia scholars, which was proposed under the crisis conditions resulting from the usurpation of existing governments and the lack of necessary conditions for establishing an ideal sovereignty. In the end, the author evaluates the executive strategies of the revolution from the perspective of the Imam.
خلاصه ماشینی:
During the Qajar era, what likely called the scholars to accept the existing sovereignties or to grant some form of cooperation to them was the pretense of religiosity or the observance of the sanctity of religion and religious leaders in the monarchy on one hand, and the increasing fear and concern regarding the expanding influence of deviant and misguided sects such as Baha'ism and Babism on the other; and also, on the other hand, the necessity of preserving and maintaining the only Shia government in the Islamic world, as well as from an external dimension, the danger of the complete and imminent takeover of foreigners and disbelievers over the fate of Muslims based on the principle of "Nafi al-Sabil" (preventing the dominance of non-believers).
However, alongside social and political transformations, the efforts of Imam Khomeini (s), which initially had a reformist nature, underwent evolution in its evolutionary path due to the terrifying dominance of internal despotism and foreign imperialism on one hand, and the continuation of serious obstacles in the way of the powerful presence of religion in all spheres of social life on the other; until he was finally able to conquer the lofty peak of Shia thought and bring forth the idea of Islamic government as the achievement of more than a century of theoretical reflections, and precisely in pursuit of such an ideal, revolutionaryness emerged and the hypothesis of revolution took shape.
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