چکیده:
In the ancient world, virtue ethics was the dominant face of ethics, but in the modern era, and almost until recently, virtue ethics had been largely forgotten due to the attention given to other ethical approaches, such as utilitarianism and Kantian ethics. However, over the last fifty years, this issue has changed. In 1958, Elizabeth Anscombe published an article titled 'Modern Moral Philosophy' in which she severely criticized Kantian ethics and consequentialism (utilitarianism) and recommended a return to Aristotle's 'psychology of ethics.' Since then, virtue ethics has been revived with strength and power and has gradually become one of the main forms of contemporary moral theory in the last ten years. In the present writing, I want to say what virtue ethics is and what it is not, and this will be accompanied by outlining the discrepancies between virtue ethics and other philosophical approaches to ethics. Then I want to compare and examine the main types of virtue ethics throughout history and in the contemporary period, and subsequently, I will discuss the main problems or challenges that virtue ethics faces today. Finally, I would like to explain some interesting similarities and differences between various forms of virtue ethics and other methods of thinking about moral issues.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Instead of acting in ethics based on a scientific model, we should consider it more similar to historical writing or an artistic skill; fields in which it seems that sensitivity, experience, and judgment can render general theories unnecessary and useless (the works of Bernard Williams 1985, John McDowell 1979, and Martha Nussbaum 1986, 1990, 1992, 2001, are related to this discussion).
But whatever the historical source of this issue may be, many modern and contemporary virtue ethics emphasize duties toward others, even at the cost of sacrificing the flourishing of the person who holds these duties, and in this respect, modern virtue ethics is more similar to Kantian ethics and utilitarianism than to the ancient forms of moral thought that we mentioned.
Aristotle does not place great emphasis on virtues such as kindness and compassion, but it is quite possible that due to the pervasive influence of Christian culture, contemporary neo-Aristotelians such as John McDowell (1979), Philippa Foot (1978), and Rosalind Hursthouse (1999), have all cited kindness as a prominent example of virtue.
Hume was an emotivist who thought that morality and virtue are more dependent on emotions and emotional motives than on reason and rationality, and neo-Humean virtue ethics adopts a similar position.
In any case, communitarianism also tends toward a kind of relativism and historicism (historicism) regarding political/moral values; what is just or good depends on the tradition in which the individual has grown - and in this respect, communitarianism clearly differs from Kantian ethics, utilitarianism, and most forms of virtue ethics, all of which emphasize a single, separate universal standard for political/moral evaluation.
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