چکیده:
Modal verbs are a group of helping verbs that represent modal concepts in relation to the main verb and are the result of the occurrence of grammaticalization, the process by which the grammatical items are created. In this study we investigate the grammaticalization of modal verb vastǝn (have to) in Gilaki, one of the Iranian languages of the western branch. Gilaki is a language with poor historical data, so we use Hopper's principles of gammaticalization (1991) as the main framework of the research to identify cases of grammaticalization. We also use the concepts word order, reanalysis, analogy and desemanticization. We measure the effectiveness of these principles and in some cases we present an alternative analysis. In this paper after introducing the theoretical framework, we analyze the data. The results show that with regard to borrowing of modal element of obligation from Persian to Gilaki, two functional items including modal element of tendency and negation element are specific for Gilaki. Changing in the imperative mood system is the most important result that is obtained through grammaticalization of modal verb vastǝn which makes Gilaki different from other Iranian languages.
خلاصه ماشینی:
5- Conclusion In this research, the grammaticalization of the modal verb vastǝn was investigated within the framework of Hopper's (1991) principles and also by utilizing the concepts of word order, reanalysis, analogy, and bleaching, so that through this process, while measuring the effectiveness of Hopper's principles in identifying linguistic grammaticalization examples like Gilaki with scarce historical data, we could provide analytical alternatives in some cases.
It is important to mention that even if we consider the role of the deontic modality marker as a borrowed form from Persian (which in that case would also have a different concept from Persian due to its lexical source (del) meaning 'to want' and 'to desire'), the two examples of the tendency modality marker and the negative component nava are specific to the Gilaki language.
Perceiving nava as a negative marker causes the Gilaki speaker, based on the function of the reanalysis mechanism, to assume the lexical infinitive of the verb as the imperative stem and, following the pattern of (negative) imperative structures, to construct its second person plural form through analogy based on the mechanism's performance.
Similarly to Gilaki, the Latin language uses the modal element noli, which is a combination of the general negative component ne and the modal verb volo meaning "to want and to desire," to serve the grammatical role of negation in the negative imperative structure, and compared to other types, it is perceived as a kind of polite usage (Laki, 2016: 113).
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