چکیده:
This article uses documentary library methods, folk calendars, oral literature, ancient works, and Iran's indigenous knowledge to analyze ways of predicting, preventing, and controlling the phenomenon of flooding from the perspective of traditional technology and rituals. The result of this essay shows that floods exist in most forms of oral literature, especially in myths, and in indigenous poems, local flood chronicles are reflected to the extent that they sometimes become the source of local history. Additionally, floods caused by natural phenomena, especially heavy and continuous rains, are predictable and controllable from the perspective of folk culture; flood prediction from the perspective of folk calendars is based on various animal, plant, and astronomical signs. Ritual prevention of floods is based on various types and species of rain-making rituals. Folk technology for flood prevention and control focuses more on soil stabilization, strengthening vegetation cover, flood storage, and directing it to rainfed lands.
خلاصه ماشینی:
1 Ali Anizadeh Abstract This article, using a documentary-library method, explores folk calendars, oral literature, ancient works, and Iran's indigenous knowledge to demonstrate ways of forecasting, preventing, and controlling the phenomenon of floods from the perspective of traditional and ritual technology.
In the studies of Iran's historical geography, numerous reports of local floods also exist (see: Saedi, 1354: 32; Varjavand, 1377: 74-75; Rezayi, 1381: 33; Mirgolou, 1351: 105; Najafi Ashtiani, 1385: 16-17 Barabadi and Shaibi, 1384: 31-32; Mirmohammadi, 1378: 64-65; Darjazani, 1368; Javadi, 1377: 67; Mashayekhi, 1380: 184-186; Yousefi, 1389: 65); some of them have national fame, such as the flood of the 21st of Shahrivar, 1317 SH in Nahavand, where the death toll is recorded in sources from 212 to over a thousand people.
One of these disasters is the phenomenon of flooding, which occurs due to multiple factors; including atmospheric precipitation such as rain and hail and the subsequent transport of soil, overflowing and flood-prone rivers, sudden warming of the air and the melting of ice and mountain snow, deforestation, overgrazing of livestock in pastures, encroachment on river buffer zones for construction (Anvari, 1383: 727; Moein, 1382: 1382; Dehkhoda, 1345, Vol. 5: 769; Nafisi, 1320: 1976; Mashayekhi, 1380: 183-184; Afsharian, 1388: 27; Nasiri and Esmaeili, 1389: 39; Mirmohammadi, 1378: 64), unreasonable use of chemical fertilizers like urea and nitrogen in agricultural lands, excessive extraction of sand and gravel from river buffers, discharging sewage into riverbeds, and changes in the slope, width, and depth of rivers, etc.
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