چکیده:
The book Ma'arif is a collection of sermons, sayings, and a type of daily notes by Sultan al-Ulama Baha' walad, in which the author's spiritual experiences are expressed in a specific form and language. In some cases, Baha' walad expresses very precise mystical content through figurative language (simile, metaphor, and metonymy) and in the guise of words, and for this reason, his speech is sometimes complex and ambiguous. However, most of the time, Baha' presents his complex inner experiences using a modern literary style with simple and widely understood parables, clearly and free from ambiguity. Baha's natural and personal language in Ma'arif is beautifully linked with his inner and mental concepts. The aim of this research is a case study of the characteristics of mystical language in the book Ma'arif of Baha' walad. Examining the mystical language of Baha' walad in Ma'arif connects us with a unique world where sometimes we observe pure mystical experiences, and sometimes Baha' walad, using the tools of language, displays visions and discoveries and intuitions that actually occurred to him in the waking world. The most important characteristics of the mystical language of Ma'arif include: musicality, defamiliarization, paradox, colloquial and common language, hermeneutics, symbolism, spirituality, and narration, which these characteristics manifest in different forms in Ma'arif, and this is derived from the author's auditory and visual mystical experiences.
خلاصه ماشینی:
In some cases, Baha' Walad expresses very precise mystical content through figurative language (simile, metaphor, and metonymy) and in the guise of words; for this reason, his speech is sometimes complex and ambiguous.
The most important characteristics of the mystical language of Ma'arif include: musicality, defamiliarization, paradox, colloquial and common language, interpretative tendency (ta'wil-oriented), symbolism and allegory, spirituality, and narrativity, which manifest in different forms in Ma'arif, and this is derived from the author's auditory and visual mystical experiences.
This feature is so evident that Ma'arif "in terms of expressing the subject, is more similar to the poems of great speakers than to the books of proponents of argumentation and researchers; for this reason, after becoming familiar with the author's style of speech, the reader imagines that they are engaged in studying and contemplating one of the delightful compositions and poems of the Persian language, rather than a book on Sufism, Quranic interpretation, and the explanation of Prophetic hadiths" (Foruzanfar, 1352: 5).
In this regard, Sufis and mystics also held their assemblies in public for various classes of people, and for this reason, they sought to express their contents as simply as possible and worthy of the understanding of their general followers, and "consequently, following the style of literati and courtly writers and those who composed speech by observing the prescribed limits, restrictions, and formalities, and were inevitably forced to avoid the use of non-standard words in poetry and prose, or in other words, market terms, as much as possible...
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