چکیده:
In social life, humans are inevitably forced to interact and socialize with others, and their life is accompanied by encounters, conflicts, and frictions; because they face various types of tastes, viewpoints, opinions, manners, and contradictory behaviors that sometimes deviate from the framework of divine and social laws, leading to errors that are either due to ignorance and unawareness or due to stubbornness and enmity. In this midst, the believing human, according to the teachings of the human-building school of Islam, adopts the path of patience and forbearance when facing these violations, and by following religious leaders, aims for methods of forgiveness, forbearance, and overlooking errors. (At-Taghabun/14) If they become angry in response to harm or an action or speech, they strive to restrain their anger (Al-Imran/24) and forgive while in a state of anger and seek forgiveness (Ash-Shura/37). But what does this moral characteristic that is specific to believers, namely forgiveness, mean? What difference does it have from pardon and absolution, and what impact does it have on individual and social life? In this research, using verses and narrations and referring to commentaries and interpretations as well as ethics books, we have examined the three moral virtues: forgiveness, absolution, and pardon, and have addressed the differences between these three virtues, how to strengthen these moral virtues, the levels of forgiveness, and its effects and results in life.
خلاصه ماشینی:
A New Perspective on Moral Virtues (Afw, Safh, and Ghufran) From the Perspective of the Quran and Hadiths Zohreh Enteshar1 Abstract: In social life, humans are inevitably required to interact and socialize with others, and their lives are accompanied by encounters, conflicts, and frictions; because they face various types of tastes, viewpoints, opinions, manners, and contradictory behaviors, which sometimes deviate from the framework of divine and social laws and lead to errors that are either due to ignorance and unawareness or due to stubbornness and enmity.
In this regard, the believing human, according to the teachings of the human-building school of Islam, adopts the path of patience and forbearance when facing these violations, and by following religious leaders, aims for the methods of Afw (forgiveness), Hilm (forbearance), and overlooking errors.
As previously stated, Afw means overlooking sin and abandoning punishment and retribution, and its origin and root mean erasing and destruction, whereas Maghfirat means covering; these two concepts are repeatedly mentioned together in the verses of the Quran: «وَلَقَدْ عَفَا اللّهُ عَنْهُمْ إِنَّ اللّهَ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ» (Al Imran/ 155), «فَأُوْلَئِكَ عَسَى اللّهُ أَن يَعْفُوَ عَنْهُمْ وَكَانَ اللّهُ عَفُوًّا غَفُورًا» (Nisa/ 99).
Considering the differences and meanings expressed for these three characteristics and virtues, it becomes clear that the hierarchy of forgiving sin begins with Afw, meaning refraining from punishment, then Safh, which is a higher level, meaning abandoning all forms of reproach, and finally Ghufran, which means the pardoning of sin and the erasing of its traces.
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