چکیده:
Mourning and religious rituals related to the Ashura uprising have been identity-forming factors for the Shia community for many centuries. Religious rites and customs have played an important and fundamental role in the culture of the people of this land. These customs and traditions enjoy great breadth and diversity in different parts of Iran. One of the religious ceremonies of the mourning days of Imam Hussain is Tog-bardari. This ritual is one of the common and important mourning rituals of Shias in Iran and has various customs. Raising the Alam, decoration, and finally Tog-bardari are types of these traditions. Addressing local religious rituals and traditions comprehensively and displaying them on national media can open different horizons in presenting religious programs.
خلاصه ماشینی:
The Tugh, which is widely used in Muharram mourning rituals, is decorated with various colorful fabrics and pendants and is carried at the head of mourning processions in many regions of Iran as a mourning standard and an object worthy of respect.
(Kashifi Sabzevari, 1350: 291-286; Nafisi, 1346: 146; Bahar, 1363: 118-116) Tugh-bearing in the Safavid era underwent extensive expansion following the growth of Muharram mourning rituals (Faqihi, 1378: 356-357), which continues to this day.
Such examples include the books "Religious History of Qom" by Ali Asghar Faqihi (1378), "Customs and Traditions of the People of Semnan" by Mohammad Ahmad Panahi Semnani (1378), and also the first volume of the book "Traditional Mourning" by Seyed Hossein Motamedi (1378), which provide information on this matter.
Tughbandi Tugh-bearing has been, for centuries 1, one of the common and important mourning rituals of Shiites in Iran and includes various customs.
1. Vertical Tugh-bearing: In some cities of Iran such as Mashhad, Semnan, Ardabil, Shahroud, Behshahr, Kashan, and Natanz, the Tugh is carried upright by one person.
In the city of Natanz, where mourning rituals are held in its traditional and beautiful Husseiniyas, the Tugh is carried vertically by one person in front of the group on the day of Ashura.
(Motamedi, 1378: 699-721; compare with Akbari, 1381: 62 and 63) In the city of Aran and Bidgol, many Tughs from the Safavid era remain, but Tugh-bardari is mostly performed in the Bidgol region on the sixth, ninth (Tasu'a), and tenth (Ashura) days of Muharram.
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