چکیده:
The world's languages use methods of word order, agreement, and case marking to indicate grammatical relationships in a sentence. The case-marking system itself is divided into several methods, one of which is oblique-absolutive or ergative. Ergativity is a syntactic state related to the subject of transitive verbs in which the agent appears in a non-subject form and the object appears in a subject form. The three languages Tati, Talysh, and Gilaki are from the group of languages and dialects on the periphery of the Caspian Sea, which many people in Iran and outside of Iran speak today. In most varieties of the Tati and Talysh languages, the ergative structure is observed, but in the Gilaki language, it has disappeared, and only residues of it remain. The aim of this article is to show the residues and forms of the collapse of the ergative structure in the mentioned languages. By residues, it is meant the characteristics that have remained from the original form of this structure. For this purpose, in addition to identifying different forms of collapse, evidence from various mentioned varieties is provided. The data for this research, in addition to field methods, were also selected and collected in a library format. According to this research, the way this structure collapses can be expressed as follows: suffixes have moved out of the second position and are moving towards the verb; agreement of the verb with the object in number and person, and the distinction between the nominative and oblique cases of nouns are disappearing; the use of the first-person singular pronoun man/az has become irregular in many varieties.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Decay patterns of the ergative structure in Talysh, Tati, and Gilaki languages 1 Jahandoust Sabzaliour Abstract The world's languages use methods of sequence, agreement, and case to indicate grammatical relations in a sentence.
In most varieties of the Tati and Talysh languages, the ergative structure is maintained, but in the Gilaki language, it has disappeared, and only residues of it remain.
According to this research, the manner of decay of this structure can be described as follows: clitics have moved out of the second position and are moving towards the verb; verb agreement with the object in number and person, and the distinction between the nominative and non-nominative cases of nouns are disappearing; the use of the first person singular pronoun man/az has become irregular in many varieties.
. In this article, the following abbreviations are used: Nom: nominative, Obl: ablative,Acc: accusative, Abs: absolutive,Dat: dative, Erg: ergative, Dir: direct, Pst: past, Fut: future, Pl: plural, Fem: feminine, Masc: masculine, Sg: singular, Clt: clitic.
Regarding ergativity in Northwestern Iranian languages (in this article: Tati, Talysh, and Gilaki), the following can be mentioned: In the field of ergativity in Gilaki, no research has been conducted; because the ergative structure is not visible in it.
One of the characteristics of the ergative structure in the above languages is that when the verb of the sentence is in the past tense and transitive: 4-1 The subject of the sentence takes an oblique case: (2)Amad-ə hasan-əš bə-za.
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