چکیده:
The income gap in the rapid implementation of development programs or following welfare-creating policies, especially in countries endowed with energy resources, has led to the emergence and formation of new classes. In one classification, the disproportionate formation of the upper, middle, and lower classes is among the signs of this process in transitioning countries. Iran is considered one of the prominent examples of this trend. In this article, the consequences of economic growth—namely the inevitable emergence of new social classes—are studied from a security perspective. The emergence of the middle class has caused significant transformations in various social, political, and cultural institutions, and the demands, expectations, needs, claims to shares, and opportunism of this class shape specific forms of resistance against power over a period of time. The emergence of the lower class is another consequence of economic growth or income redistribution policies, which manifests itself through resistance and the desire for change. In this article, theories of social change and perspectives from security studies, particularly social security, are examined. The present research addresses the relationship between the issue of income distribution and security with a specific focus. The findings show that many change-seekers are dissatisfied members of the lower class, and we also witness the emergence of specific forms of resistance and opposition from the middle class in society. This research examines the unrest originating from the lower and middle classes in Iran over the last two decades using a combination of library and survey research methods. It appears that reducing societal security problems requires more attention from policymakers and economic planners to the long-term security consequences of development programs. Attention to wealth distribution and redistribution policies in society and creating structural requirements to integrate the newly emerged classes can significantly mitigate the security effects of this trend.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Income Gap, a Security Concern for Transitioning Countries; A Case Study of Iran Ali Rabiei{o*o} Abstract {IBThe income gap in the rapid process of implementing development programs or following welfare creation policies, especially in countries endowed with energy resources, has led to the emergence and formation of new classes.
rsc@eeibarila:liamE Submission Date: 2010/08/17 Acceptance Date: 2010/12/02o} Introduction Transitioning countries have always faced issues such as instability and insecurity resulting from the implementation of programs to achieve development, and its unavoidable consequences, including the creation of new socio-economic classes, multiple social gaps, and the phenomenon of poor masses, in such a way that the manner of managing this trend and reducing its effects and consequences has a direct relationship with the persistence, continuity, collapse, and political and security instabilities in these societies.
(Refer to the page image)(Chart No. 1) In addition to cultural issues and changes in perspectives, values, and the conflicts arising from them, unplanned urbanization, income gaps, and dissatisfactions resulting from the emergence of multiple dualities, the emergence of middle classes, their desire for participation in decision-making and presence in political positions, the existence of a young population, and the lack of responsiveness in creating employment, are all important factors producing insecurity in societies similar to Iran.
On the other hand, the length and difficulty of the economic development path, in other words, the long duration of the middle or transition period, causes a gap between the necessity of having appropriate conditions for political security and, on the other hand, leads to the newly emerged classes to &%05725BHRG057G% creates growth in democracy-seeking and the need for greater democratization of society.
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