چکیده:
What is the Iranian temperament like? Undoubtedly, one cannot speak of a specific and fixed Iranian temperament based on a reductionist and belief-based essence; overall, the term 'Iranian' refers to the behavioral differences of various individuals and groups across different periods. On the other hand, people in all cultures and societies (even in the most developed countries) have been and are exposed to behavioral problems such as secrecy, lying, and weakness in teamwork, just as good qualities and behaviors are not lacking among Iranians. However, one cannot ignore the fact that Iranian temperament has become a controversial topic. This article, while reviewing the background of this discussion among foreign Orientalists and Iranians themselves, seeks to achieve a typology of models based on which the profile of Iranian behavior can be explained. Through the comparison and critique of external and internal document patterns, a model based on systems thinking and grounded in institutional analysis with four levels of analysis (1. Institutions and structures, 2. Human agency, 3. Regional and global environment, 4. Events and occurrences) is proposed. The conclusion of the article is that desirable behaviors on a large social scale require institutional reforms and the creation of a favorable institutional environment. This institutional environment is what necessitates that more individuals in a society lie, flatter, practice hypocrisy, or be prone to corruption. Their modern ethics depend on the past and future paths of their society. Their temperaments and dispositions are rooted in the history of their institutions, their social environment, and the historical events that have occurred to them. This does not necessarily mean ignoring the role of actors; in fact, we need a deeper understanding of human agency beyond romantic voluntarism.
خلاصه ماشینی:
It seems that this task requires systemic thinking and a holistic approach including both inside and outside (society and its environment), and by considering an integration of "structures/institutions" on one hand and "human agency" on the other, and finally a dynamic and historical look at "events," through which we can better explain the temperaments of Iranians.
Events and occurrences One level of the factors affecting our temperaments and dispositions is the internal institutions of society, namely political, social, and economic institutions (for example, ownership and power structure); the second level is human agents and their roles and actions; such that if the way they play were or were to become different from what it was, we would be or would be facing a different evolutionary course of institutions and structures.
The third level is the "environment" of the region and the world, which has influenced the cultural transformations of Iranians in different historical periods, so that if we were in a different environment (for example, in a different political geography from what we are) and played differently in that environment, fundamentally our internal institutions would also have taken shape in a different path, just as modern changes in the global or regional environment affect the functioning of institutions and the behavior and action of the elites and human agents of this land.
In the modified and expanded model of this research, path dependency is redefined, and based on it, the beliefs, temperaments, and dispositions of people are rooted in the history of their society's institutions within a specific environment and with specific historical events.
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