چکیده:
Social transformations in Iran over the last two centuries have followed a very turbulent and tense trajectory. These transformations, compared to Western societies, began with a delay, progressed slowly, and have been accompanied by numerous ruptures and sometimes regressions. Throughout these two centuries, many efforts aimed at economic, political, social, and cultural reforms have remained unsuccessful, and processes such as industrialization, democratization, and the expansion of civil culture have faced many obstacles. This situation has led to the accumulation of problems and the concentration of political and social crises at various stages, bringing about numerous tensions, movements, and revolutions. Such consequences, in turn, have made the process of social transformation more turbulent. This article shows that in addition to social structures and actors, the temporal coordinates of events and processes have played an important role in determining the nature and fate of the transformation process in contemporary Iran. In other words, transformation processes in the political, economic, social, and cultural spheres in this land have been accompanied by numerous coincidences, conjunctions, and displacements. Some of these processes have slowed down or stopped due to unexpected events, and others have suffered from interference and disruption due to the reversal of logical arrangements. This situation has, in turn, added to the turbulence and chaos in the overall process of social transformations in contemporary Iran.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Then, by selecting examples of transformations in social, political, economic, and cultural spheres, the effects resulting from the "temporal coordinates" of processes and events on the overall trend of these transformations will be examined.
The pattern of social transformations in contemporary Iran Regardless of the endless debates and disputes that have flowed, especially during recent decades, regarding the application of concepts such as "feudalism", "Asiatic mode of production", "Oriental despotism", "Iranian feudalism", "Iranian despotism", "tribal society", "Islamic society", and "pre-capitalist society" concerning the enduring characteristics of Iranian society in ancient and medieval periods (see: Vali, 1380), this land, prior to the beginning of the nineteenth century, had gone through alternating periods of strength and weakness of governmental power and the concentration and fragmentation of its territory; socio-political stability and instability; economic prosperity and recession; and scientific flourishing and decline.
With the increase in oil revenues from the beginning of the 1350s, a rapid economic and industrial growth program was implemented, which completely transformed the economic and social face of Iran during the first half of this decade (Gazivorski, 1371 and Foran, 1377); however, the trend of this stage of transformations first slowed down due to the fluctuation of government policies in the years 1354-1355 and then was halted with the sudden start of the protest movement from the end of 1356.
In the continuation of this article, by selecting examples of political, social, economic, and cultural events and processes in contemporary Iran, we will demonstrate the impact of their temporal coordinates of occurrence on the turbulences and chaos created in the trend of this country's transformations.
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