چکیده:
The main argument of this article is that the two revolutions, Iran and Nicaragua, share two major similarities: the type of state that faced the revolutionary movement and the urban nature of the revolutionary mobilization. To better understand these two factors, three important relationships—state/state, state/class, and state/economy—have been analyzed through a historical analogy approach. The almost complete independence of the governments of Iran and Nicaragua from internal classes, the important role of middle classes, the favorable global context, and multi-class coalitions in urban societies are presented as significant factors in the formation and process of the revolution.
خلاصه ماشینی:
The almost complete independence of the governments of Iran and Nicaragua from domestic classes, the important role of the middle classes, the favorable global context, and multi-class coalitions in urban societies are presented as important factors in the formation and process of the revolution.
These two aspects of similarity, in turn, raise the following questions regarding the emergence of the revolution and the collapse of the Shah's government in Iran and Somoza in Nicaragua: 1-What socio-cultural and global-historical foundations in the economic systems of Iran and Nicaragua created the possibility for solidarity or coalition among various urban classes in opposition to the established governments?
This type of analysis will, on one hand, allow for a better understanding of the internal structure of states in peripheral societies and the limitations imposed upon them from the outside; on the other hand, it will be able to explain the shifting coalitions of opposition groups, particularly the declining influence of peasants and the increasing role of the "middle" classes at the beginning and during the process of revolution.
In Iran, the tradition of state dominance over the means of production (land until the early twentieth century and oil in recent years) prevented the growth of a capable and cohesive bourgeois class; whereas in Nicaragua, the multiple interventions of the United States government became the basis for establishing a largely independent state based on the Nicaraguan National Guard.
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