Material Culture and Geography (1) مقاله

خلاصه ماشینی:

The West entered a period of transformation in agricultural and industrial technical knowledge during the Middle Ages, while at the same time, the Middle East was heading towards stagnation in terms of innovations. Watson,"A Medieval Green Revolution:New Crops and FarmingTech- techniques in the Early Islamic World,"in The Islamic Middle East,700-1900ŪStudies in Social and Economic History,A. The possible importance of climate change in the Middle Ages, as a factor in the expansion of nomadic life, was published for the first time in my conversations with William McNeill, in his research on the history of European climate (which uses methods that can be helpful for research in the Middle East). The importance of these two studies lies in the fact that both use new research methods to examine development and stagnation in ancient agriculture, which is itself a vital and important factor in the overall understanding of Middle Eastern history. As McAdams has shown in his book, and as some followers of his school have shown in their articles, the aridity of the Middle Eastern climate and the complete dependence of its agriculture on irrigation systems have created conditions where the study and research of ancient irrigation systems in this region can provide more information regarding population and the expansion of settlements in different eras. Watson's book on material culture, and some other studies that will be addressed below, help our awareness regarding two different trends of growth in the West and the Middle East.